哈尼梯田景观结构-水文连接度与世界遗产保护研究

Multifunctional landscape of rice terraced fields in world especially in Asia is increasingly been recoganized as world cultural heritages. Hani Rice Terrace Landscape is a typical multifunctional agricultural landscape in southern Ailao Mountain of Yunnan Province, China. It has been designated as a pilot site of "Globally Important Agricultural Herritage System" by FAO and is applying "World Cultural Herritage List"by UNESCO in this year. Taking Quanfuzhuang river basin in Yuanyang County of Yunnan Province as object, using Remote Sensing and GIS, field observation and experimentation, environmental isotopes/tracing elements as well as graph theory and other methods, this project will quantify the structural connectivtiy by calculate the corridor connevitity of natural river, man-made canals and levees of rice terraced field; Select three sub-basin of natural forest, grassland of river valley-ponds system, and planted young forest to observe the hydrological connectivity of water source area; Analyze the impacts of consolidated channels and levees of rice terraced field on hydrological process,the hydrological connectivity of interaction between surface and ground water; Identify the key areas of self-restraint water resouces and high hydrological connectivity. Discuss the relationship between the structural and hydrological connectivity, as well as the mechanism between the landscape connectivity and stability. The results can be used to direct the pattern design of rice terrace security and the protection of world heritages.

世界尤其是亚洲的梯田稻作景观因其具有生产、生态和美学等多功能价值而成为世界瞩目的文化景观遗产。哈尼梯田景观是云南省哀牢山区典型的多功能农业景观，已于2011年列入联合国粮农组织"全球重要农业文化遗产"试点地，目前正申请列入联合国教科文组织的文化景观遗产名录。项目选择位于哈尼梯田核心区的全福庄河小流域为对象，采用遥感与GIS技术、实地观测和实验、环境同位素采样分析以及图论等方法，通过天然河沟、人工渠系和田埂廊道体系量化分析梯田景观的结构连接度；选择森林、河沟-坑塘草地与人工冬瓜林子流域分析森林区的水文功能连接度；对比分析相邻固化与非固化廊道对水文生态过程的影响；探讨哈尼梯田文化景观的结构连接度与水文功能连接度的相互关系，识别景观连接度的关键区与水源涵养关键区，探索景观结构-水文连接度与景观稳定性的相互作用机制，为梯田安全格局设计和世界遗产保护提供科学指导。

红河哈尼梯田景观于2013年列入UNESCO的“世界文化景观遗产”名录。项目选择位于遗产核心区的全福庄河小流域为对象。通过景观分类图、地形图、河渠、田埂分布图及实地测定的宽度、深度、材质以及梯田区泉水点等数据，分析田埂及河渠网络格局特征；基于图论和最小费用模型方法，筛选出梯田区河渠廊道的关键沟渠和节点，分析不同水源类型的梯田水源稳定性，识别梯田区的水源稳定关键区；采用网格法在全福庄河小流域上游水源林区布点81个，分析土壤水分时空异质性分析及其影响因素，分析5种景观类型下的土壤水分垂直变化特征，在土壤含水量、粒度、入渗率和枯落物最大持水量以及林冠截留观测基础上，计算获得研究区水源林区的水源涵养功能分区图，识别水源涵养关键区；采集2014年雨季和2016年度雨水、泉水、水塘水、田水、河渠水等各类水体有效样品共计851个，通过水样的氢氧同位素分析各类水体间的相互补给关系及水文连接性；选择亚热带常绿阔叶林子流域和草地-坑塘子流域进行水位、气象要素观测，分析水位和降雨量的相关关系；以基于GIS 的水文连接度指数为指标，计算得到水源林区的水文连接度，识别出水文连接度高值区。研究为哈尼梯田的水源安全及其格局设计和世界遗产保护提供科学指导。