有限水域近海底水下爆炸载荷特性及其对舰船封锁效能研究

Underwater explosion will do severe damage to warship structures. It is an effective way to achieve a maritime blockade and mastery of seas by distributing a limited number of mines in a limited water domain in order to cause damage to the target ships. Shock wave is firstly generated which spreads outward, and subsequently, the bubble pushes its surrounding fluids outward coupling with the nonlinear interaction of seabed and free surface. This project focuses on the basic phenomenon of the motion of free surface and seabed induced by the explosive charge. Based on the previous studies, the numerical model of underwater explosion shock wave load propagation and the three-dimensional bubble boundary element model with weakly compressible flow field which considers the seabed effect are established respectively. The numerical model is built to simulate the interaction between underwater explosion load and its nearby warship, considering the influence of the seafloor. This numerical model is validated through carefully designed experiments. Based on this, the critical conditions for efficient destruction of a ship structure under underwater explosive load are studied. The characteristics of the distribution of the mines and the ship passage mode on the blockade effectiveness of the mines are explored, and the optimization study on the configuration of mine mines in limited waters is also studied. The main contents of this project include: 1) Underwater explosion shock wave and bubble loading features considering the seabed effect, 2) Damage law of warship structure caused by underwater explosion load considering the seabed effect, 3) Optimization of mine position blocked by confined waters, and 4) Experimental study on damage mechanism caused by underwater explosion load on warship model considering the seabed effect.

在有限水域布置有限数量水雷以对目标舰船造成毁伤是实现海上封锁、争夺制海权的有效手段。水雷水下爆炸首先生成向远方传播的冲击波，随后生成的水下爆炸气泡会推动周围流体，与海底和自由面产生非线性耦合运动。本项目拟着眼于药包近海底爆炸诱导自由面与海底运动的基本现象，在已有研究基础上，分别建立水下爆炸冲击波载荷传播高精度数值模型与计入海底特性的气泡运动三维边界元数值模型，形成水下爆炸载荷与舰船结构耦合数值模型与计算方法，并设计机理性实验验证数值模型有效性。基于此，研究水下爆炸载荷对舰船毁伤临界条件。探索水雷散布特性及舰船通过方式对水雷封锁效能的影响，开展有限水域中水雷雷位配置优化研究。主要研究内容如下：1)计及海底影响的水下爆炸冲击波与气泡载荷特性研究；2)计及海底影响的水下爆炸对舰船毁伤规律研究；3)有限水域封锁水雷雷位配置优化研究；4)计及海底特性的水下爆炸载荷对舰船模型毁伤机理性实验研究。

当药包在有限水域中爆炸时，自由面和海底会对冲击波传播和气泡运动产生巨大的影响。本项目计及海底特性的影响，开展了水雷近海底爆炸对舰船结构、设备、人员等毁伤的研究，建立了水下爆炸冲击波传播高精度LDG数值模型，计及流场可压缩性对气泡脉动特性及能量耗散特性的影响，考虑海底特性，建立了水下爆炸气泡与舰船结构耦合运动的三维动力学数值模型，采用欧拉有限元方法进行求解。设计了水箱中多发药包爆炸实验，研究气泡在不同海底附近的运动特性，验证了所建立的数值模型与计算方法的正确性。针对多发水雷在有限水域内布阵的情况，在保证毁伤效能、封锁效能的前提下，运用概率论方法分析有限水域水雷对目标舰船的最优封锁策略，为水雷对舰船结构的冲击毁伤特性和多枚水雷对有限水域的最优封锁策略研究提供了理论参考和基础性技术支撑。