富氧型“自燃”离子液体的合成及点火行为研究

As a new family of green liquid rocket propellant fuels, hypergolic ionic liquids have shown their great application potential as the alternatives to highly toxic and volatile hydrazine and its derivatives in the field of aerospace and military defense. However, the most known hypergolic ionic liquids suffer from problems including incomplete combustion and carbon depositions during the combustion process. To solve these defects, this project aims to develop new oxygen-rich hypergolic ionic liquids, which are expected to effectively facilitate the combustion process that occurs between ionic liquids and strong oxidants by virtue of an integrated strategy of both intermolecular oxidation and self-supported oxidation of ionic liquid. Nitrate and nitroform functionalized ionic liquids will be designed and prepared. After structural characterization, studies on their physical and chemical properties, energy, safety, and ignition behavior will be emphasized. And some excellent hypergolic ionic liquid fuels that can completely burn without carbon deposition will be obtained. Moreover, production mechanism of carbon depositions will be explored. This project will provide a basis for developing new-generation green rocket propellant material with better performance.

作为一类新兴的绿色液体火箭推进剂燃料，“自燃”离子液体有望代替高毒性、高挥发性的肼类化合物在航天航空及国防军工领域中得以应用。然而，当前已发展的“自燃”离子液体通常面临燃烧不完全有积碳残留的缺陷，本项目针对这一缺陷，拟设计合成富氧型“自燃”离子液体，将原有燃烧过程中仅包含离子液体与强氧化剂分子间氧化拓展为以分子间氧化为主同时辅以离子液体分子内氧化的过程，合成出硝酸酯、硝仿功能化离子液体。在完成结构鉴定的基础上，对目标离子液体的物化性质、能量、安全性能及点火行为等进行深入研究，筛选出可完全燃烧无积碳残留综合性能优良的“自燃”离子液体燃料，并揭示离子液体燃烧产生积碳的机理，为发展下一代更高效的绿色火箭推进剂材料奠定基础。

自燃离子液体作为一类新兴的绿色液体火箭推进剂燃料，有望代替高毒性、高挥发性的肼类化合物，应用于航天航空及国防军工领域。本项目着手于分子结构设计，在离子液体阴离子与阳离子的制备上均加以探究，通过优化合成路线得到多类新型自燃离子液体，包括：硝酸酯功能化、硼酸磷酸酯功能化、三氨基环丙烷类、氰基（1H-1,2,3-三唑-1-基）二氢硼酸根类、叠氮功能化离子液体等。在完成结构鉴定的基础上，重点考察了它们的物理化学性质与自点火性能。其中多种自燃离子液体展现出良好的综合性能，它们的液态操作范围>250 oC，密度高于1.10 g cm-3，粘度低于40.0 MPas，比冲高于300 s，点火延迟时间短于3 ms。并利用计算化学的手段探究了离子液体结构与其物化性质之间的关系。本项目的实施拓展了自燃离子液体的合成方法学，开发出性能优异的自燃离子液体，促进了离子液体化学与绿色推进剂领域的发展。