滴灌条件下不同水氮处理对酿酒葡萄年际根系形态发育和氮素代谢的影响

Water shortage is serious in Xinjiang, which calls for a large-scale application of water-saving irrigation technique for fruit tree production.This study takes Cabernet Sauvignon, one of the world's most widely recognized wine grape varieties，as research material, and compares the effects of different water and nitrogeon supply under the condition of drip irrigation under plastic mulch and different drip irrigation methods-drip irrigation under plastic mulch and subsurface drip irrigation-on grape's interannual root morphological construction and nitrogen metabolism. Starting with an exploration of the relationship between "different drip irrigation methods and water and nitrgeon supply-grape's interannual root morphological changes and nitrogen metabolism-physiological characteristics of aerial and underground parts and nitrogen utilization efficiency" through soil column and field experiment, this study proceeds with an analysis of the effects of different drip irrigation mehthods and water and nitrgeon supply conditions on grape's interannual root morphological development through scanning electron microscope(SEM) and field sample method, and determines and analyzes the temporal and spatial variation of nitrgeon contents in root zone and grape vines as well as metabolic rules such as vegetative storage proteins through isotope tracer, protein mass spectrometer determination, isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis and key enzyme in nitrogen metabolism determination, and then finds out about the regularity of nitrgeon abdorption, distribution and utilization during the seedling period on the condition of different water and nitrgeon supply with drip irrigation, and finally determines the optimum drip irrigation and water and nitrgeon supply model which is suitable for wine grape growth and nitrgeon utilization to offer guidance for production.

新疆水资源十分紧缺，节水灌溉技术在果树生产上大面积应用势在必行。本研究以酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠为研究试材，以比较膜下滴灌条件下不同水氮处理和在膜下滴灌及地下滴灌（自主设计）两种滴灌方式下对葡萄年际根系形态建成和氮素代谢的影响为切入点，通过土柱法和田间实验，探讨"不同滴灌方式和水氮处理- - -葡萄年际根系形态变化和氮素代谢- - -地上地下部分生理特性变化和氮素利用率"之间的关系。通过扫描电镜、田间取样的方法探讨葡萄在不同滴灌条件和不同水氮处理条件下对葡萄年际根系形态发育的影响；采用氮同位素示踪、蛋白质质谱仪测定技术，并结合等聚焦凝胶电泳和氮代谢关键酶的测定，对根域和树体内氮含量和形态的时空变化、营养贮藏蛋白等代谢规律的测定分析，探讨在滴灌条件下不同水氮处理对葡萄幼苗发育期不同年际间氮素吸收、分布、利用规律，最终确定适宜酿酒葡萄生长和氮素利用的滴灌方式和水氮处理模式，进而指导生产。

截止2016年底，新疆特色林果产业已突破2000万亩，但干旱缺水成为制约其最关键的因素。本研究团队根据新疆地区园艺产业发展的重大实际需求，开展了特色林果的高效节水技术研究。主要研究内容包括：（1）高效、节水、适用于葡萄周年生长的滴灌新技术开发设计及筛选。（2）滴灌条件下不同水氮处理对葡萄根系形态建成和氮素代谢的影响。重点探讨了"不同滴灌方式和水氮处理——葡萄年际根系形态变化和氮素代谢——地上地下部分生理特性变化和氮素利用率"之间的关系。研究结果表明（1）明确了地下穴贮滴灌、地表滴灌、膜下滴灌三种滴灌方式对葡萄根系形态发育、植株生长发育、果实品质形成的差异，表明地下地下穴贮滴灌在促进葡萄根系下扎、提高水分利用效率方面具有一定作用，膜下滴灌在促进果实着色方面具有较好效果。（2）明确了膜下滴灌条件下不同水氮处理对葡萄氮素代谢及形态发育的影响，表明在适度水分条件下多次少量施氮能够有效提高氮素利用效率，促进植株生长。通过对不同程度水分胁迫葡萄幼树不同组织器官游离态蛋白质氨基酸浓度变化分析后得出：不同组织、不同胁迫程度间均存在差异氨基酸指纹信息，不同条件下存在共有氨基酸指纹信息；不同组织、不同胁迫程度下的游离态氨基酸响应可能是以氨基酸系统整体的形式响应，但起主要作用的仍是少数几种氨基酸。（3）探讨地下穴贮滴灌条件下根际注气对‘红地球’葡萄幼苗植株生长及不同形态氮素吸收代谢、根际土壤化学性质及菌落结构的影响，表明地下穴贮滴灌条件下根际注气能够有效促进硝态氮的吸收、抑制铵态氮的吸收，对尿素吸收具有负面作用。同时加气灌溉可以改善土壤的化学性质，优化土壤菌群结构，对植株生长具有一定的积极意义。依托项目开发的地下穴贮滴灌“水肥气”一体化技术已经初步进行了实际的专利转化和推广。. 该研究结果及后续研究对于干旱区林果先进节水技术推广具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。