大都市区生态规划对景观格局与生态服务的作用机制研究

A few researchers have discussed the benefits and disadvantages of eco-spatial structure in the practice of ecological planning. In theory, ecological planning guides the evolution of landscape patterns, and the evolving patterns affect ecosystem services. However, it remains unclear how ecological planning interacts with actual landscape patterns. The research progress in the effects of ecological planning on ecosystem services also lags far behind the demands for ecological planning and design, suggesting a gap between theory and practice. Beijing, the pioneer of the “Ecological Priority” strategy, was selected as the object of study. Content coding, statistics and overlays were analyzed to reveal the spatial-temporal evolution of ecological planning in Beijing. The spatial-temporal variation of landscape patterns was realized by virtue of landscape indicators, morphological spatial pattern analysis, graph-theoretic model and ecological risk analysis of landscape. The service functions of ecosystem including support, regulation and supply were simulated to integrate the effects of ecosystem services and their temporal-spatial dynamics. The spatial-temporal dynamics of ecological planning, landscape patterns and ecosystem services were then organically coupled for comparative analysis of consistency and correlation, so as to investigate the mechanism by which ecological planning acts on landscape patterns. The content and objective of planning and the effects of service were connected to define the regulatory effectiveness of ecological planning. The principles and methods of ecological planning were finally summarized to strengthen the expected controllability of ecological planning and provide an important basis for scientific decision-making in building an ecological civilization in Beijing.

生态规划实践背景下，不少研究关注生态空间结构带来的效益和存在的弊端。理论上生态规划引导景观格局演变，格局演变影响生态服务，但生态规划与实际景观格局之间的作用关系不明确，生态规划对生态服务效应的作用研究也远滞后于生态规划设计的需求，为提升大都市区生态环境而构建的生态规划亟待科学的战略性评价。本项目以“生态优先”战略先锋北京为研究对象，在内容编码、统计、叠图等分析下揭示北京生态规划时空演变；通过景观指数、形态学空间分析、图形理论模型和景观生态风险分析实现景观格局的时空变异；模拟生态系统的支持、调节和供给服务功能，综合生态服务效应及其时空动态。有机耦合生态规划、景观格局及生态服务三者的时空动态，开展科学框架下生态规划对景观格局的作用机制研究；建立一致性与关联性，鉴别生态规划的调控成效。提升生态规划原理和方法，以促进生态规划中科学与实践的深度融合，为未来首都空间生态文明建设的科学决策提供重要依据。

生态规划实践背景下，不少研究关注生态空间结构带来的效益和存在的弊端。理论上生态规划引导景观格局演变，格局演变影响生态服务，但生态规划与实际景观格局之间的作用关系不明确，生态规划对生态服务效应的作用研究也远滞后于生态规划设计的需求，为提升大都市区生态环境而构建的生态规划亟待科学的战略性评价。本项目以“生态优先”战略先锋北京为研究对象，在内容分析下揭示北京生态规划时空演变；通过景观指数、形态学空间分析、图形理论模型等分析实现景观格局的时空变异；模拟生态系统的支持、调节和供给服务功能，综合生态服务效应及其时空动态；耦合生态规划、景观格局及生态服务三者的时空动态。北京目前所面临的生态危机已经从局部区域问题扩大到流域性和全局性问题，空间结构存在自中心向外、呈面状扩张的态势。研究发现，基于北京城市生态空间规划研究的发展和调控成效，自2000年以来逐步改善，规划实施呈较好的一致性；但基于生态服务的北京生态规划实施绩效性呈降低的趋势，规划范围内2000-2005年生态绩效性达到74.96%，2005-2010年降低至44.77%，2010-2015年有所升高，达到54.88%；大部分的低一致性空间有改善城市区域的连通性和空间形式的效益，间接优化生态系统服务弹性。生态空间规划没有遏制大都市生态问题的面积扩张，大量专项规划在解决城市社会-生态系统问题上变得困难。生态规划中过度实施保护措施造成一种错误的安全感，降低了应对能力，增加了社会的脆弱性。基于此优化生态规划方法，以促进生态规划中科学与实践的深度融合，提出基于生态支柱保护优先的⼤都市区蓝绿基础设施优化途径，以提升社会生态系统弹性执行了三个支柱分析方法：生物多样性（栖息地、物种出现数据、物种分布）；生态系统服务（植被类型和服务之间的关系，建模），和连接（功能连接与物种分散和阻力图，景观结构），对大都市区景观进行以互补性算法为驱动力的空间优先级排序，识别与制图结果为未来首都空间生态文明建设的科学决策提供重要依据。