中国东海近岸油品大规模污染应急及治理关键技术研究

Marine oil spills do long term harm to marine ecology and resources. The coastal area of the East China Sea (especially Zhejiang and Shanghai coast) is the important area of oil storage and transport in China. At the same time, the demand of the large-scale pollution emergency treatment and control technology for this sea area is particularly urgent because of its special environment. The following problems exist in the current oil spill treatment. The passive adsorption material couldn’t meet the demand of dealing with thin floating oil efficiently and rapidly. The existing bioremediation technology is inefficient in petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation for the lack nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the marine environment, the easy loss of the oil degrading bacteria in seawater which was added to the area of oil pollution and bioremediation of low concentration petroleum hydrocarbons is also low efficient. The study of this project will solve these problems based on the past related research foundation. This study put forward to change from passive to active way leading to construct efficient emergency repair and bioremediation system. The way of online rapid and high efficiency of oil-water separation will be implemented under oil spill emergency condition. The marine floating oil spills will be efficient bioremediation through adding lipophilic nutrients and oil degrading bacteria with high surface hydrophobicity characteristic in the polluted seawater. The degradation mechanism of marine floating oil spills will be explored. The low concentration oil in oil spill could be treated by a new aerogel embedded immobilized heterotrophic microalgae. and reveal the mechanism and regulation of oil separation and removal in oil pollution emergency treatment and bioremediation. This study will provide a new theoretical and technical support for crux technologies of emergency control and consequent treatments for East China sea nearshore large-scale oils pollution.

海洋溢油对海洋生态环境的危害长期而深重，中国东海近岸（特别是浙沪海域）是中国石油储运的重地，同时因其特殊的海域环境导致其对适用于该海域油品大规模污染应急及治理技术的需求尤为迫切。本项目针对被动吸附材料无法高效快速处理薄油层，现有生物修复技术因海洋环境中氮磷等营养物质的缺乏、添加至海水中石油烃降解菌易流失而导致石油烃生物可利用性差、且存在石油烃在低浓度条件下生物修复效率低等缺陷，在前期相关研究基础上，提出变被动为主动的应急处置与高效修复策略，实现溢油应急工况下在线快速与高效油水分离；通过同时添加亲油性营养剂和具有高表面疏水性石油降解菌，开展海洋漂浮溢油的降解机制研究，提高海洋漂浮溢油生物修复的有效性；通过新型气凝胶包埋固定化可异养微藻实现低浓度溢油高效降解，并揭示海洋溢油污染应急及治理中石油的分离去除机理与调控机制。本研究将为东海近岸油品大规模污染应急及治理提供升级版的关键技术及其理论基础。

海洋溢油对海洋生态环境具有长期而且严重的危害。中国东海近岸是中国石油储运的重地，因其特殊的海域环境导致其对适用于该海域油品大规模污染应急及治理技术的需求尤为迫切。目前，已有溢油处理技术针对薄油层的处理面临挑战。传统被动吸油材料无法高效快速处理薄油层，现有微生物修复技术则存在投加菌剂易流失、海水中石油降解营养物质缺乏、低浓度石油烃生物降解效率低等缺陷。本项目在以往相关研究基础上，提出构建变被动为主动的应急处置与高效生物修复联用的复合体系解决此难题。通过开发一种基于新型高效亲水疏油材料的分离装置回收薄油层中大部分的石油，而对于残余石油，则通过亲油菌-固定化微藻联合降解体系来解决。本项目主要开展了磁性氧化石墨烯复合材料、pH响应性吸油材料、超亲水-水下超疏油涂层等多种新型油水分离多孔材料的制备，并进行油水分离性能评价与油水分离的机制研究，在油水分离装置中获得这些多孔材料实现高效油水分离的溢油应急工况条件；通过投加具有高表面疏水亲油性石油降解菌和亲油性营养剂，开展对海洋漂浮溢油的微生物降解特性研究，优化降解条件，提高海洋漂浮溢油微生物修复的有效性，并进行了模拟溢油工况下的亲油性石油烃降解菌和亲油性营养剂联合修复溢油薄油层研究；通过制备新型魔芋葡甘聚糖基气凝胶包埋固定化可降解溢油微藻复合生物制剂来处理薄油层残余低浓度漂浮溢油，优化气凝胶固定化微藻制备条件提高微藻活性，在模拟实验中实现薄油层残余的低浓度溢油高效降解；为提高海水中内源微生物降解溢油活性，也探讨了微藻作为生物强化剂促进海水中内源微生物降解溢油研究；此外还开展了与溢油修复相关的低维气凝胶吸油材料、光催化降解溢油材料、溢油气体吸附监测材料的制备与性能研究以及利用遗传和粒子群算法优化基于BP-ANN的海上溢油预测模型研究，在本项目的研究内容广度方面进一步拓展。以上成果与研究为东海近岸油品大规模污染应急及治理技术应用提供理论基础与技术支撑。