基于微芯片控制的纳米含能材料制备及机理研究

Microreactor belongs to the miniature chemical reaction system, because of its outstanding property of process intensification, safety, highly integrated and scaling-up quickly, it has drawn much attention and become a hot research topic. In this project, we focuses on the study of the preparation of nano-composites and the performance of energetic compounds by micro-chip systems. A model of fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer is developed based on physical properties of energetic compounds and characteristics. In order to realize the safe and controllable preparation of nanometer energetic materials, we design the structure of micro-chip and the micromixing, self-assembly and establish the microchip reaction system and study the mechanismof preparation nano-composites.The regularity of heat transfer and mass transfer in synthesis reaction of energetic materials and transport phenomenon and reaction properties in microchemical system are also studied in this research.By combining the technology of micro-chip, microflow and green nitration, the research formed a new system of preparation of nanometer energetic materials controling by micro-chip, it provided feasible technical scheme and valuable theoretical basis for the development of new preparation methods for nanometer energetic materials..By combining the technology of micro-chip, microflow and green nitration, the research formed a new system of preparation of nanometer energetic materials controling by micro-chip, it provided feasible technical scheme and valuable theoretical basis for the development of new preparation methods for nanometer energetic materials.

微反应器是新型微型化的化学反应器，因具备过程强化、安全、高度集成及快速放大等优势而成为当前研究的热点。本项目将依据纳米材料的制备特点和含能化合物的性质模拟构建微芯片内流体流动、传热、传质的模型；设计微芯片微观结构和微混合方式、建立微芯片系统；研究微芯片系统内纳米含能材料的形成过程及机理；研究微芯片内流体流动、传热、传质等流体动力学特性和规律，并用于制备纳米含能材料。该项目研究将微芯片结构、流体特征、微流混合技术等相结合，探索形成一个以微芯片结构为基础控制制备纳米含能材料的一般规律，为含能材料的纳米化制备新方法的开发提供有价值的理论依据。

近年来，在探索新型含能材料过程中，纳米含能材料的概念开始形成、发展，并日益引起科技人员的重视。与常规粒径炸药相比，微纳米炸药由于具有粒径小、比表面积大、表面能高的特点，其安全、燃烧和起爆等方面的性能得到了明显改善和提升，主要表现在以下几个方面:（1）感度选择性改善。大量研究表明，微纳米化后的猛炸药对撞击、摩擦等机械刺激的感度降低，同时对高压短脉冲的敏感性提高。（2）反应速率改善。微纳米化带来的尺寸效应不仅有利于提升含能材料的反应速率或燃烧速率，还可以有效降低推进剂的压力指数，如含铝炸药中纳米铝粉的使用就有利于提高做功能力和反应度。（3）降低装药爆轰和燃烧反应传播的临界尺寸，有利于降低部件装药尺寸和促进武器系统小型化。这些性能变化不仅可以改善武器弹药本身的安全性、提高能量输出水平和毁伤能力，还可以设计出新型功能部件和元件，如冲击片雷管，爆炸逻辑网络和微型点火、推进、起爆装置等，对提升武器系统安全性、可靠性、多功能化和智能化水平具有重要意义。本项目搭建了高通量的微反应装置系统，分别在被动式微反应器和主动式微反应器中通过溶剂/非溶剂等方法实现了纳米TATB、纳米LLM-105等纳米含能材料的研究制备。