遗产旅游型村落空间生长模式、驱动机制及其优化调控——以北京郊区为例

Heritage-based tourist villages, referred to as catalyst or engine for the advancement of rural tourism in China, make great contributions to overall development of the host community and its periphery areas in an integrative way. Functioning as the local or even regional tourism central-place, they back up the administrative efforts to coordinate the urban and rural development. Based on the discipline of rural and urban planning and geography, this case study of Beijing suburbs, where abundant heritage resources are located, investigates the spatial and temporal process of heritage-based tourist villages’ spatial growth with data collected in 1980-2014 at 60 samples from three dimensions: production space, living space and ecological space. Influences of heritage-based tourist villages on their surrounding areas, together with revealed differences of these influences, are visually presented, the analytical model set up as well. Based on this, the research explains the generating process and driving mechanism of various spatial growth patterns in both macro-level and micro-level, with a conclusion of the driving forces reached and an empirical analysis conducted. In addition, concerning the fragility of heritage resources, it further launches an evaluation on spatial coupling relationship between farmers’ livelihoods and spatial growth patterns, puts forward a sustainable pattern of spatial growth, and explores strategies and methods to optimize and regulate village space, in which, to stimulate the local and regional impacts of heritage-based tourist villages. The research hopefully offers a theoretical guidance and practical basis in this domain.

在我国乡村旅游发展进程中，遗产旅游型村落常常扮演着催化剂和发动机角色，作为地方甚至区域旅游中心地辐射和带动周边地区的总体发展，并已成为政府部门统筹城乡发展的重要着力点。研究拟从城乡规划学和地理学交叉角度出发，以遗产资源丰富的京郊地区为案例地，以1980-2014年为时间断面，选取60个研究样本，从生产、生活、生态等三个功能空间维度揭示遗产旅游型村落空间生长的时空过程及一般性规律，并对其区域影响效应及差异性进行可视化分析并建构空间模型。在此基础上，从微观和宏观二个层面分别解析不同类型空间生长模式形成、发展和演变的过程和机理，总结其驱动机制并进行验证性分析。同时考虑到遗产资源的相对脆弱性，进一步对农户生计意愿与空间生长的耦合关系进行评价，从地方和区域二个尺度提出不同类型村落空间生长的可持续形态模式并探索其空间优化调控策略与方法，为更好的激发遗产旅游型村落的带动和辐射作用提供理论指导和现实依据。

本项目采用多源数据构建了遗产旅游型村落的类型谱系和京郊案例地基础信息数据库，归纳了京郊遗产旅游型村落空间布局特征与游客行为特征，从三生空间维度揭示了京郊遗产旅游型村落空间生长的四种类型、十类模式及其时空演变规律，进而归纳了其主要驱动因子和驱动机制，构建了京郊遗产旅游型村落与景区的空间关联网络，提出了多规融合的村庄规划框架以及京郊遗产旅游型村落优化调控的路径与策略。研究成果有助于深入了解不同利益主体特别是作为乡村治理主体的村民对旅游发展的基本需求和偏好，明确遗产旅游型村庄规划的战略重点和实施路径，为探索新时期村庄规划差异化编制的技术方法体系提供了借鉴，同时也为旅游驱动型的乡村振兴战略实施提供了路径选择和策略建议。