云南环洱海地区乡村聚落空间演变机理与优化研究

Erhai Lake ring area represents a region in Yunnan Province with such combining characteristics as fragile eco-region of highland lake, hybrid region of diversified national culture and lively region of rural economy development. Still, many problems could be found in the rural settlement construction in this area, blind excessive expansion, severe waste of land resources, unbalanced geographic development, degradation of ecological environment quality and fading away of national cultural elements, for instance, which increasingly aggravates the constructive rural crisis. In this regard, by applying the basic theories of system theory, human geography, regional economics, landscape ecology and with technical support of 3S（RS、GIS、GPS）, the project will conduct a dynamic exploration of the rural settlement evolution in Erhai Lake ring area in chronological order. Then the project will address the evolvement track of the rural settlement in the context of rural nonagricultural development and urbanization in three dimensions of its function, structure and pattern. The factors actuating the rural settlement evolution and their performance will be assessed before deep interaction mechanism of such factors is deconstructed in a systematic way..On this basis, with a combination of realistic requirement and macro trend of the new countryside-construction drive and the overall planning of the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, the project will explore the optimization mechanism of rural settlement under new human-environment relationship. The project keeps up with the pressing need of the construction of new socialist countryside and the balanced development of urban and rural areas, and its outcome could not only provide support for making decisions and practical guideline for the planning and construction of the rural settlement in Erhai Lake ring area, but also offer a reference for the construction and development of rural settlement in Yunnan and other parts of West China. In this way the project attempts to expand and enrich the research of regional development.

环洱海地区是云南省同时具有高原湖泊生态脆弱区、民族文化多元融合区、乡村经济发展活跃区等多重叠合特征的典型区域，其乡村聚落空间发展出现了盲目急剧扩张、土地浪费严重、区位发展失衡、生态质量下降、民族文化元素逐渐淡化等诸多问题，导致"建设性乡村危机"日益加重。基于此，本课题运用系统论、人文地理学、区域经济学、景观生态学等基本原理，依托3S等技术支持，依循时间轴线开展环洱海地区乡村聚落空间演化的动态研究，从聚落功能、聚落组织、聚落型式等维度跟踪乡村聚落空间在乡村非农化、城镇化背景下的演变轨迹，评析促发聚落空间演变的要素构成及其绩效影响，解构基于各要素相互作用的驱动聚落空间演变的深层机理；在此基础上，结合新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的现实要求和宏观趋势，探寻新"人地关系"下乡村聚落空间优化的系统机制。本课题顺应我国西部地区新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的迫切需要，对拓展和充实区域发展研究有着积极的探索意义。

综合运用GIS空间分析、景观指数分析、Kernal核密度分析、定量统计等方法，对云南环洱海地区乡村聚落的时空演变特征及影响因素进行探讨。并在此基础上，提出乡村聚落的优化调控策略。研究结果表明：①随时间演进，环洱海地区乡村聚落整体扩展明显，海西地区为聚落扩展的主体；乡村聚落的景观变迁受非农化发展影响，聚落生产功能的非农化程度与景观特征变化的剧烈度呈正比；整体而言，乡村聚落的空间布局更加密集、整合效应日趋凸显、海西地区聚落景观的发育程度远高于海东；②随时间演进，洱海南北两侧乡镇聚落的布局密度整体下降。海西地区S221和G214沿线变为主要的聚落密集分布区，南部和西北部乡镇成为聚落面积和斑块数量的主要增长区和次级增长极；环洱海地区土地覆被类型及数量变化显著，人工覆被用地增加最多，主要由水体、耕地和草地转入。③宏观层面上，区域经济发展水平因子在环洱海地区乡村聚落空间演变中的主导作用日益凸显；微观层面上，经济基础薄弱、人口稀少且交通便利的中小型聚落成为该区聚落的主体，中心城区影响力在南部聚落区位选择中所发挥的作用远大于北部，城镇用地对聚落布局区位的影响随着与中心城镇间距离的增加而明显下降；④环洱海地区南部聚落的区位适宜性分值整体高于北部；基于聚落的区位适宜性特征和其他上述研究结果，提出城镇转化型、优先发展型、特色发展型、引导发展型以及弃迁型等5种类型的乡村聚落优化调控方案。