渤海港口群填海造陆的综合生态损害与环境调控

The ecological impacts of sea reclamation have become a hot issue in the field of ocean and coastal zone researches. There is a great ecological risk along the coastal zone of Bohai Sea, because of both the highest density of ports and the largest scale of sea reclamation at that area. Most of the previous studies only focus on the ecological impacts of sea reclamation in a single project and have some deficiencies. For instance, ecological loss was evaluated by analogizing the parameters in large scale, the indirect ecological impacts on land and sea were little assessed in quantitative way, and the studies on precaution of ecological risk was insufficient. This research attempts to deal with the problems mentioned above. First of all, the evolution of Ports Group and the sea reclamation along the coastal zone of Bohai Sea from 2000 to 2030 is studied, basing on remote sensing monitoring, statistics and planning data. Secondly, the values of ecosystem services and functions for each geographic grid are monetarily evaluated by combining MA framework and InVEST model. The overall ecological loss is then estimated with GIS and mathematical models, including directly engaged damage, hydrodynamic change damage to sea, land use change damage to land, sewage disposal damage from subsequent production activities, marine shipping industry damage, and oil-spill risk damage. Aim at the integrated ecological damages of land reclamation, we take forward strategies of environmental regulate from macro to micro aspects, and Refine the framework of orderly reclamation of ports. This research illustrates the mechanism and consequence of ecological impacts by sea reclamation in the ports, provides the scientific supports for environment management on coastal zone, and supports the national strategies of sea power country and ecological civilization of China.

填海造陆的生态影响是海洋与海岸带研究的热点问题；渤海沿岸是我国港口最密集和填海规模最大的区域，填海建港蕴含很大生态风险。目前港口填海造陆的生态影响研究大多只针对单个工程的局地影响，缺乏对港口群填海工程及其生产活动生态影响的全面定量评价，也未多角度研究相关环境调控问题。本项目通过遥感监测、统计和规划数据，分析2000年至2030年渤海港口群及其填海过程；融合MA和InVEST模型，基于地理网格对渤海海岸带生态系统服务功能进行货币化评估；在此基础上结合GIS和数理模型定量评价填海造陆的生态损害，包括直接占用损害，填海导致海域水动力变化和陆域土地利用变化的间接损害，以及填海区后续生产活动带来的污水排放、船舶航运干扰、溢油风险等延伸损害；进而提出宏观、中观和微观的环境调控策略，提炼港口群有序填海的框架模型。研究可为海岸带环境调控提供科学依据，支撑我国海洋强国和生态文明战略实施。

渤海沿岸是我国港口最密集和填海规模最大的区域，填海建港蕴含很大生态风险。通过遥感监测、统计和规划数据，分析渤海沿岸港口群2002年至2030年填海造陆的发展过程；基于GIS和数理模型定量评价填海造陆的生态损害，包括直接占用损害，填海导致海域水动力变化和陆域土地利用变化的间接损害，以及填海区后续生产活动带来的污染物排放、溢油风险等延伸损害。结果显示：2002年至2018年，渤海沿岸12个港口围填海614.4km2，导致综合生态损失814.4亿元，天津、唐山、大连、营口港生态损失较大；2018年至2030年，渤海沿岸港口群规划围填海675.5km2，导致综合生态损失753.8亿元，天津、唐山、锦州、滨州、黄骅生态损失较大。2002年-2030年，渤海港口群单位面积围填海损失为1.22亿元/km2，港区污染物排放、围填海直接占用、航运溢油风险方面的损失较大，分别占41%、31%、22%。结合国内外港口填海造陆系列调研，提出宏观、中观和微观的环境调控策略，提炼港口群有序填海的框架模型；从实践经验教训、管理政策转向、各方需求协调等角度，提出港口围填海工作建议。研究可为海岸带环境调控提供科学依据，支撑我国生态文明、交通强国和海洋强国战略。