2022年冬奥会环境风险和可持续管理对策研究

The Winter Olympic Games are much more than a sporting mega-event: they have evolved into a catalyst of substantial urban transformation. Potential benefits relate not simply to the lasting physical benefits, but to economics, society, culture, image, urban services, and general environmental improvement. Nevertheless, the Winter Olympics present major risks as well as positive effects on host cities. This issue presents something of a dilemma for the organizers. With its previous hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing is the first city that has ever hosted both the Summer and the Winter Olympic Games after Beijing-Zhangjiakou wined bid to host the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in November 2015. The host cities are required to provide new, or substantially refurbished, sports facilities to a world class standard. In addition, environmental issues are another area of concern to ensure the smooth running and success of the Games. At present, there are many researches paying more attention to economic impacts of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. However, less systematic studies were conducted about the impacts of such event on the host city's ecological environment, sustainable development, and urban governance in China. The project follows a scientific paradigm of “co-design, co-production, and co-delivery” developed by Future Earth Plan by combining qualitative and quantitative methods, multi-disciplinary approaches in social science and natural science. From perspective of the 2022 Winter Olympics lifecycle of preparing and running, this project aims to profile the environmental impacts and sustainability of 2022 Winter Olympics of the host cities, Beijing and Zhangjiakou. The effects of land use, water resources utilization, and water pollution risks of main and supporting infrastructures construction are especially concerned. The project will offer affordable measures and approaches for host cities to regulate environmental risks exactly and adaptively based on risk evaluation and meet the urban sustainable development goals. This will enhance the competitiveness of host cities and green image of China.

冬奥会不仅是世界性体育赛事，更是全球经济放缓下促进举办城市可持续发展转型升级的“催化剂”。但在给举办城市带来经济、社会、文化、环境进一步发展的同时，也将带来重大风险。北京-张家口获得第24届冬奥会的主办权，举国欢庆。为确保冬奥会成功举办，国家加大基础设施投入，环境问题愈加受到关注。目前，学术界关于2022冬奥会经济影响的研究较多，但对举办城市生态环境及可持续发展影响的研究还比较匮乏。基于“未来地球”计划的协同设计、协同实施和协同推广的“三协同”科学范式，利用社会科学与自然科学交叉的方法，从冬奥会筹备、举办的生命周期视角，本项目旨在对2022年冬奥会对主办城市北京和张家口生态环境及可持续发展的影响，特别是主体和配套基础设施建设对土地利用、水资源利用的影响和风险进行系统评估，藉由此实现基于风险评估结果的差别化精准管理，实现城市可持续发展，提升主办城市的环境竞争力和绿色中国形象。

冬奥会作为世界性体育赛事，是全球气候变化和新冠疫情冲击背景下促进举办城市可持续发展转型升级的“催化剂”。冬奥会在给举办城市带来经济、社会、文化、环境进一步发展的同时，也将带来重大生态环境风险。目前，学术界关于2022冬奥会经济影响的研究较多，但对举办城市生态环境、可持续发展、城市治理影响的研究还比较匮乏。基于“未来地球”计划的协同设计、协同实施和协同推广的“三协同”科学范式，利用自然科学与社会科学交叉的方法，从冬奥会筹备、举办和赛后追踪的全生命周期视角，本项目旨在系统研究2022年冬奥会对主办城市北京和张家口生态环境及可持续发展的影响。主要关注主体和配套基础设施建设和运营对土地利用、水资源利用、水污染及生态系统的影响和风险。项目执行四年进展顺利，圆满完成了预期研究目标和任务。首先对历届冬奥会对主办城市生态环境及可持续发展的影响进行汇总，辨识冬奥会场馆规划、建设、运营的生态环境影响、风险及关键问题。其次，利用GIS展示冬奥会举办城市土地利用变化空间格局，甄别不同土地利用变化导致的植被破坏、生物栖息地退化等不同生态风险。第三，评估冬奥会举办地水资源利用及水环境足迹，开展冬奥会滑雪场地生态适宜性评价和多重压力下的水生态风险评价。第四，利用相对风险模型，基于GIS定量评价2022年冬奥会崇礼赛区赛前阶段多重压力下的生态风险。最后，总结历届冬奥会可持续发展治理的成功经验，将2022年冬奥会分为比赛前、比赛中及比赛后三个阶段，从经济、社会以及环境可持续三个维度进行分析，探讨公众参与及对主办城市可持续发展影响的认知。提出冬奥会风险预防和管理策略。基于本项目，目前已发表研究论文13篇，培养研究生3人。藉由此实现基于风险评估结果的差别化精准管理，本研究为成功举办2022年冬奥会及其可持续管理提供了参考。