古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠肉苁蓉种质资源遗传多样性研究

Artificial planting of Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma is a sunrise industry for preventing windstorms and fastening sand, improving ecological environment and increasing the income of peasants, which has been great ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits. But the lack of elite variety is an important factor to restrict the development of its sand industry. From the parasitic relationship viewpoint, the project analyzes the natural population's genetic diversity of C. deserticola whose host is Haloxylon ammodendron and other plants in desert from the four major parts of the Gurbantunggut Desert using ISSR technology. Thus，we can analyze the characteristics of C. deserticola genetic diversity and the genetic relationship of different C. deserticola populations from different scales and reveal the characteristics of its ecological adaptation and diversity distribution. At the same time, the project establishes the integrative fingerprint database combining the diversity morphology and its main active components of C. deserticola to illuminate the effects of origin, populations and host on its genetic diversity and determine the correlation and intrinsic relationship about genetic variation with morphogenesis and quality formation. Through clearing the genetic relationship of different C. deserticola germplasms from Gurbantunggut Desert, the project provides the basis for the botanical classification, the technology for the intellectual property protection and molecular identification, moreover the core germplasm for variety selection, and provides the molecular genetics basis for preserving and utilizing the germplasm resources economically and effectively as well as.

肉苁蓉的人工种植是集防风固沙、改善生态环境和增加农民经济收益于一体的朝阳产业，具有极大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。优良品种的缺乏是制约沙产业发展的重要因素。项目利用ISSR分析技术，从寄生角度对古尔班通古特沙漠中的索布古尔布格莱沙漠，霍景涅里辛沙漠，德佐索腾艾里松沙漠，阔布北阿克库姆沙漠中寄主梭梭和荒漠肉苁蓉自然居群的遗传多样性进行分析，从不同尺度解析肉苁蓉遗传多样性的特征、不同居群肉苁蓉之间的遗传关系，揭示其生态适应与多样性分布的特点，同时给合肉苁蓉形态和主要药效成分多样性建立一体化的指纹图谱数据库，阐明产地、居群、寄主等对其遗传多样性的影响，确定其遗传变异与形态和品质形成的相关性和内在联系，明晰古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠肉苁蓉种质间的亲缘关系，能够为植物学分类提供依据，为知识产权保护和分子鉴定提供技术，为品种选育提供核心种质，为经济有效地保存和利用种质资源提供分子遗传学依据。

摘要：荒漠肉苁蓉遗传多样性的研究对肉苁蓉资源的可持续利用和生物多样性的保护具有重要的意义。为了能整体上揭示荒漠肉苁蓉基因变异的方向，明晰种质的亲缘关系，本研究采集了古尔班通古特沙漠东、西、南、北四大区域的荒漠肉苁蓉和寄主梭梭样本，从遗传多样性、中药指纹图谱、形态多样性和药效成分等方面研究入手，分析它们之间的相关性；为了今后进一步研究荒漠肉苁蓉种种内遗传多样性，对荒漠肉苁蓉肉质茎组织培养过程中褐变类型及多酚氧化酶（PPO）特性进行了研究；同时，为了规模化人工种植和种质资源圃的建立，对荒漠肉苁蓉进行了室内、外接种实验和优质种源的筛选。遗传多样性研究表明，荒漠肉苁蓉和其寄主梭梭各居群基因交流虽较多，但居群间遗传变异并不明显，区域及个体样本之间中药指纹图谱具有高度的相似性，但样本的个体药效成分含量差异很大；遗传距离与地理距离、经纬度进行相关性分析发现，梭梭遗传距离与纬度差呈极显著相关，而在荒漠肉苁蓉药效成分研究中发现药效成分与经纬度也呈正相关，推测纬度可能是影响药效的主要因素；荒漠肉苁蓉有效成分松果菊苷和毛蕊花糖苷含量与荒漠肉苁蓉及寄主中所含的微量元素的相关性分析表明：松果菊苷含量与寄主梭梭的Cu元素含量呈极显著相关，而毛蕊花糖苷与寄主梭梭的Mg元素含量呈显著负相关，此结论为今后人工种植荒漠肉苁蓉时，适当给梭梭林增加或减少某些矿物质元素的肥料可提高荒漠肉苁蓉的品质提供了理论依据；荒漠肉苁蓉形态多样性研究表明：近圆形的肉质茎形态和水分含量与松果菊苷与毛蕊花糖苷的含量呈正相关，而长度只与松果菊苷含量相关，紫色花的深浅与毛蕊花糖苷含量具有一定的相关性，这为种质资源的筛选提供了依据。荒漠肉苁蓉褐变类型及PPO特性研究结果表明：荒漠肉苁蓉PPO的热稳定性在70℃以下良好，pＨ6.0，温度40℃时，荒漠肉苁蓉PPO活性最强，酶促褐变在培养初期起主要作用，水解酪蛋白（CH）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）可有效地抑制荒漠肉苁蓉肉质茎愈伤组织的褐化。荒漠肉苁蓉室内接种及人工种植实验表明：氟啶酮和赤霉素协同诱导，可促进种子萌发，种子萌发率由16.8%提高到29.23%，萌发率提高了50%以上；以药效和抗氧化活性两个方面入手，从收集的36份荒漠肉苁蓉样本中筛选出10株荒漠肉苁蓉，收集种子已人工接种至4年以上生的梭梭种质圃中，结果有待后期进一步跟踪。因此，本项目的研究有助于荒漠肉苁蓉核心种质库的建立及