柴油植物膏桐新变种的遗传特性分析与DNA鉴定

Bio-diesel is a fast-developing alternative fuel in many developed and developing countries of the world. But lack of raw materials is a bottleneck problem to limit the bio-diesel industry development at home and abroad. Cultivating of new varieties of oil plant and establishing of biological diesel raw material forest base of the scale is the guarantee of the bio-diesel industry sustainable development. Jatropha curcas is a quite optimistic biodiesel raw materials internationally. In this raw material refining of biodiesel technology is more mature, its biodiesel products run on the automobile, tractor, and aircraft testing also showed a bright prospect. In addition, development of non-oil Jatropha by-product of virus-free feed and bio-fertilizer and fertilizer, as well as other biological products for high-end; branches can be used to develop fresh mushroom; nutshell activated carbon can be made. So,the study of intraspecific mincroevolution mechanism of J.curcas, to this for theory excavation more high yield, and high oil of new varieties, scale to promotion planting, will be strong to promoting biodiesel industrialization of development, on alternative part of fossil fuel, improve energy structure, and protection ecological environment, and development cycle economic, and improve rural livelihood, meet in China energy crop Foundation Science original innovation needs are has major of theory and practice significance..Currently, it is fundamental issue that in the development of Jatropha biodiesel raw material forest seed production was too low.To seek ways of improving forest seed production of biodiesel, applicants in nearly 10 years has been committed to collecting and breeding for germplasm resources of Jatropha, two new varieties have been bred and registered. Look back on the course of Jatropha varieties breeding for near ten years, combination existing research work foundation, this project aims to address the key scientific issues are: a.the effects of soil heavy metals on the Jatropha natural mutation; b.the morphological and cell-biological characteristics of Jatropha natural mutants; c.heredity and stability of Jatropha new variants.d.the DNA identification of Jatropha new variants.Its targets is to reveal formation mechanism of new Jatropha varieties as well as the role of soil heavy metals in natural mutation of Jatropha, and to establish a theory for promotion of genetic improvement of Jatropha in China and cultivating of new dwarf , high-yielding and high oil varieties.

生物柴油是目前许多发达国家和发展中国家一个快速发展中的石油替代燃料。但原料不足是限制国内外生物柴油产业化发展的瓶颈问题。而选择油脂植物优良品种，建立规模化的生物柴油原料林基地是生物柴油产业可持续性发展的重要保证。膏桐是近期以来国际上比较看好的生物柴油原料植物，以膏桐籽油炼制生物柴油的技术已日臻成熟，其生物柴油制品在汽车、拖拉机以及飞机上运行试验均向人们展示出美好的前景。当前，膏桐生物柴油原料林发展中存在的最大问题是种子产量太低。为了寻求从整体上提高单位面积产量的途径。近十年来申请者一直致力于膏桐遗传改良的工作，总结前期研究工作的基础，本项目拟解决的关键科学问题是：⑴膏桐自然突变体的形态学和细胞分类学特征；⑵膏桐新变种特异性状的稳定性和可遗传性；⑶膏桐新变种的DNA分子标记。其目标是揭示膏桐新变种形成的机理，为促进我国膏桐的遗传改良和矮化、高产、高油新品种的培育奠定坚实的理论基础。

生物柴油是目前许多发达国家和发展中国家一个快速发展中的石油替代燃料，但原料不足已成为限制生物柴油产业发展的瓶颈问题，而在规模化的生物柴油基地建设中选择优良的油料植物品种是生物柴油产业可持续发展的重要保证。膏桐是近期国际上比较看好的生物柴油植物，以膏桐籽油炼制生物柴油的技术已日臻成熟，其油品在汽车、拖拉机以及飞机上的运行试验均展示出美好的前景。 当前，膏桐生物柴油原料林基地发展中存在的最大问题是种子产量太低。为了从整体上提高生物柴油原料林的产量，在过去的10年里，我们一直致力于膏桐品种的改良工作。本文主要呈现已选育出来的膏桐新变种的特异性、DNA特性、籽油和生物柴油的性质,以及膏桐新变种演化的新动向。在本项目执行期间,我们主要对不同气候土壤区、不同世代的膏桐新变种试验林进行系统观测。结果表明,作为膏桐新变种——皱叶膏桐的特异性主要反映在4个方面。⑴在形态上，植株矮小、枝条柔软，叶片呈黑绿色、叶肉向上隆起、叶脉下陷、气孔分布密集，花冠颜色较深、花粉粒及其表面乳头状颗粒直径均比较大，果实和种子均较小、果实表面呈瓜棱形。⑵在解剖上，在叶柄横断面上有9个维管束围成壶状，每个维管束均成膝状弯曲；在这些维管束外面有许多含草酸钙晶体的细胞，其晶体成细沙状。⑶ 在DNA电泳条带中，该变种仅有10条，较对照（14）少4条。⑷ 在生理代谢上，这个品种籽油及其生物柴油的脂肪酸组成明显区别于其他品种，其中亚油酸含量明显高于油酸。还在该变种根中发现10个新二萜类物质。其次，在膏桐新变种特异性状遗传稳定性检测中,我们对其后代进行了再选择。从中选育出了两个新的类群，矮化型皱叶膏桐和阔叶大果型膏桐，进一步丰富了我国膏桐的种质资源。此外，鉴于皱叶膏桐根中具有细胞毒活性物质的事实，我们还开展伴生种植该变种防控美藤果种植区病虫害的试验。结果表明，伴生种植区美藤果植株保存率（88.3-93.3%）显著高于单一种植区（保存率33.3%），平均单株种子产量（0.52-0.93 kg）是单一种植区（0.14 kg）的3倍以上。