城市无信号控制人行横道诱导设施的引导机理与组合优化研究

Induction facilities at unsignalized crosswalks are of great importance for ensuring the safety and efficiency of traffic operation. Accurately analyzing the functioning mechanism of induction facilities on drivers' visual guidance and speed control as well as optimizing the combination of induction facilities are problems that need to be urgently addressed. This project intends to conduct research on the guidance mechanism and combination optimization of urban unsignalized crosswalk induction facilities. Based on the analysis of road design, traffic conditions, pedestrian crossing, and other characteristics of unsignalized crosswalk influence areas, focusing on the differences among the drivers of the first vehicle and the following vehicles in a vehicle queue affected by induction facilities, the guidance mechanism of induction facilities on the visual behaviors of the drivers is analyzed from the perspectives of the first vehicle and the following vehicles; on this basis, by modeling the relationship between drivers' visual behaviors and vehicle operation behaviors, the correlation mechanism of induction facilities, visual behaviors, vehicle operation behaviors, and traffic accident risk is constructed, and the effect of inducement facilities on vehicle-pedestrian conflict and vehicle rear-end collision risk is studied. Finally, optimal design theories and methods for the combination of induction facilities at urban unsignalized crosswalks are established to provide scientific support for ensuring safe and efficient vehicle yielding to pedestrians.

无信号控制人行横道诱导设施对保障交通运行的安全性和高效性具有重要意义，如何准确解析诱导设施对驾驶人视觉引导、速度控制的作用机理，及优化诱导设施的组合关系，是亟待解决的问题。本项目拟针对城市无信号控制人行横道诱导设施的引导机理与组合优化展开研究。基于无信号控制人行横道影响区的道路设计、交通状态、行人过街等特征归纳分析，聚焦机动车队列中的头车、跟随车驾驶人受诱导设施影响的差异性，分别从头车、跟随车视角，解析诱导设施对驾驶人视觉行为的引导机理；在此基础上，通过驾驶人视觉行为与车辆操作行为关系建模，构建诱导设施-视觉行为-车辆操作行为-交通事故风险的关联机制，研究诱导设施对机动车-过街行人冲突、机动车追尾事故风险的作用效果；最后提出城市无信号控制人行横道诱导设施组合的优化设计理论、方法，为保障机动车安全、高效礼让人行横道提供科学支撑。

无灯控人行横道是城市常见的行人过街设施。机动车在近无灯控人行横道的过程中，驾驶人需要花费大量精力关注路侧是否有行人及其过街意向，时刻准备改变行驶速度或变更车道，研判未来交通发展趋势，做出加速、减速或变换车道的决策。若驾驶人误判周围交通状态发展趋势或者对车辆操纵不当，极易诱发机动车追尾、侧向刮擦或碰撞行人等交通事故。交通诱导设施对引导驾驶人安全和高效通过无信号控制人行横道具有重要意义。针对无信号控制人行横道诱导设施-视觉行为-车辆操作行为-交通事故风险的关联机制，通过本项目研究，实现了对行人过街特征、驾驶人视觉行为和车辆操作行为特征、交通流安全分析方法的研究。具体包括：（1）应用受试者佩戴眼动仪过街和无人机航拍相结合的实验方法，探究了机动车行驶速度及与人行横道间的距离对过街行人视觉行为和步行行为的影响，得到机动车驶近特征显著影响过街行人的注视点、实现转移模式和步行速度。（2）在草坪、灌木、栏杆、乔木等四种路侧分隔带形式下，应用驾驶模拟实验，探究了驾驶人驶近无信号控制人行横道过程的车辆操作行为和视觉行为特征，结果表明乔木和灌木的路侧分隔带情形下，驾驶人瞳孔直径变化更大，对道路右侧的注视时间更多；在草坪和栏杆的路侧分隔带情形下，驾驶人的避让行为相对平缓，表现为减速度分布均匀，制动结束距人行横道线的距离更近，对车辆的操控更加准确；另外驾驶人的视觉行为特征与车辆操作行为之间存在相关关系，视觉行为反映了驾驶人的注意力情况和心理状态。（3）通过MATLAB构建无信号控制人行横道影响区的道路仿真环境，探究了机动车避让行为对交通流安全性和稳定性的影响，并据此衍生和拓展了面向交叉口左转交通流冲突、考虑交通流安全和行人过街的交叉口信号配时的相关研究。总体而言，项目团队顺利完成了既定的主要研究任务，实现了预期研究目标，研究成果能够在一定程度上促进无信号控制人行横道诱导设施组合的优化。