延河流域生态系统服务空间流模拟研究

Quantification of the spatial flows of ecosystem services moves from the supply area, connection area to using area are critical to understand the mechanism of spatial interactions among multiple ecosystem services. Researching of spatial flows of ecosystem services will benefiting for the ecological compensation, ecosystem management and the social-economic sustainable development. Recently, the study of ecosystem service more focus on the static assessment of provision, but the dynamic process of ecosystem services flows moves between the supply area and demand area are poorly understood. The research of ecosystem services flows is still stay in its early stage and lack of quantitative analysis. This study takes the Yanhe River watershed as a study area, by using of the ArcGIS platform to integrate the multiple ecological parameters and the variety of ecological process model, the spatial characteristics of ecosystem services supply and demand will be revealed and mapped. Moreover, by application of the concept framework of Service Path Attribution Networks model, the study aims to build the quantifying model of ecosystem services flows, and to reveal the influence effect, transfer mode, flow path and flux characteristics of the key ecosystem services in Yanhe River watershed. The study trying to make breakthroughs in:(1) establishing a model for quantifying the spatial flows of ecosystem services;(2) revealing the characteristics of ecosystem services flows moves from the supply to demand area in the study area, which will provide a scientific basis for the making of ecosystem management decisions in the Yanhe River watershed.

量化测度生态系统服务流在产生、连接和使用地之间的空间位移过程，是深入理解生态系统服务空间作用机理的关键。它对生态补偿、生态系统管理和经济社会可持续发展有着重要意义。目前，生态系统服务的研究聚焦在供给能力的静态评价方面，而对服务流在供需区域之间的空间流动过程知之甚少，处在概念分析阶段，缺乏量化模拟研究。本研究以中尺度延河流域为研究区，基于ArcGIS平台，对多源生态参量数据进行集成，并采用多种生态过程模型对流域内关键生态系统服务的供给与需求量时空演化特征进行定量分析。并基于服务路径属性网络（SPANs）概念框架，构建流域生态系统服务的空间流量化评估模型，揭示流域关键生态系统服务流的影响效应、传递方式、流动路径与通量等特征。试图在两个方面有所突破：（1）构建基于供需关系的生态系统服务空间流模拟模型；（2）揭示延河流域生态系统服务供给、需求及其空间流动规律，为流域的生态系统管理决策提供科学依据。

生态系统服务空间流研究对流域生态系统管理有着重要的意义。本研究以延河流域为例，通过在GIS软件中集成多源数据和生态机理模型，对流域的关键四种生态系统服务时空变化特征进行了制图模拟。并使用了社会网络模型对典型生态系统服务的供需空间流动过程进行量化分析。结果表明：（1）在2001-2012年间，延河流域土壤保持服务在流域下游高于上游，中游地区增长较快。植被碳固定服务和洪水调节服务在流域南部地区较强，且在中下游呈上升趋势。产水服务呈现“南北低、中间高”的分布格局，在流域上游呈下降趋势，在中下游呈上升趋势。（2）生态系统服务热点主要分布在延河中下游南部地区，冷点主要分布在延河上游地区。延河中下游南部地区生态系统服务提供能力均较强。（3）通过社会网络模型对延河流域的淡水服务在2000-2015年间的分析发现，延河流域淡水服务的需求持续增长，已接近淡水供应能力极限。由于延河流域淡水供给的短缺，淡水供给服务空间流网络中的亏损节点和停滞流类型明显增加，且服务流的网络密度有所下降。研究表明社会网络模型能够实现流域尺度生态系统服务的空间流过程的量化模拟。