典型城市生活污水和地表水中常见新精神活性物质的时空演变特征

At present, the prevalence and abuse of illicit drugs have still being intensified in China. With the improvement of the management and law for traditional illicit drugs (e.g. methamphetamine and heroin), new psychoactive substances (NPS) were synthesized frequently in order to circumvent the existing law. NPS share of the consumption of illicit drugs endure increasing, and cause serious social problems. Metabolites and unchanged NPS were excreted with urine into domestic wastewater after abusing of NPS, and were imported into wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) subsequently. NPS and its metabolites cannot be completely removed by WWTP. Those unable to be removed were discharged into nature water with effluent, which are therefore generally considered as one of the main sources of NPS in the environment. Large amounts of NPS and its metabolites were discharged into the ambient, causing not only the pollution of the environment, but also the potential ecological risk. However relevant research for NPS in environment are still scarce. General NPS were selected as the target pollutants, and spatio-temporal evolution of general NPS in both influent and effluent of WWTP and surface waters will be completed in this study. The result will establish foundation to study NPS fate and evaluate its ecological environment risk.

目前我国违禁药物滥用人口和滥用量呈现不断增长的趋势。随着对海洛因和冰毒等传统毒品打击力度的增大，各种为规避现行法律管制而合成的新精神活性物质（New Psychoactive Substances，NPS）层出不穷。其在违禁药品消费市场的份额持续上升，造成的社会危害日益严重。NPS被滥用后，经人体新陈代谢所生成的代谢产物和未被代谢的原药随尿液进入生活污水，从而汇入污水处理厂。经污水厂处理后，未被去除的NPS被排入自然水体。因此，污水处理厂排放被认为是环境中NPS的主要来源之一。大量NPS被排入到环境中，不仅对环境造成了污染，而且造成了潜在的生态风险。但是，针对环境中NPS的相关研究十分匮乏。本研究拟选取国内常见NPS做为目标污染物，研究中国典型城市生活污水和地表水中常见NPS的时空演变特征。进而为研究此类物质在环境中的归趋及生态环境风险评价奠定基础。

本项目的研究内容包括：1）典型城市生活污水中常见新精神活性物质的时空分布特征；2）污水处理对常见新精神活性物质的去除效果及影响因素；3）地表水中常见新精神活性物质的时空分布特征及变化规律。我们在项目执行期内完成了全部研究内容，并达到了预期目标。研究发现，TRA、MC、PMMA和MDPV四种新精神活性物质检出率较高，说明其在中国主要城市存在普遍的滥用现象。其余目标新精神活性物质检出率较低，但在个别城市出现流行趋势。PMMA、TRA和MDPV三种NPS在中国北方的负荷水平要远高于南方，而中国南方地区MC的负荷水平略高于北方地区。为禁毒部门对新精神活性物质的管控提供了指导。夏季TRA等多数新精神活性物质在进水中的负荷水平要显著高于冬季。污水处理过程能够有效去除大部分新精神活性物质。PMMA和TRA是我国地表水中最主要的新精神活性物质，且南方城市河流中PMMA和TRA浓度水平普遍高于北方。污水厂出水排放是地表水中TRA的主要来源之一。在上述研究的基础上，目前已发表SCI论文3篇，中文核心期刊2篇，另有三篇论文正在审稿中。此外，项目成果已在广东等省用于新精神活性物质滥用水平评价和禁毒成效评估，被央视等媒体进行专题报道。