南极内陆候选站址的大气光学湍流时空分布测量和模式研究

Antarctic inland has become the focus of the 21st century ground-based astronomical competition. China's Antarctic astronomy project has been rapid development in recent years. The measurement of temporal and spatial distribution of turbulence in the Antarctic inland candidate sites, is an urgent need to carry out the basic astronomical work. It has important scientific research value and great national application requirements. This project uses the thermosonde, meteorological tower and combining with the model estimation, by measure turbulent temporal and spatial distribution of the Antarctic inland candidate sites directly,firstly to obtain the astronomical parameters, such as atmospheric seeing, Fried parameter, isoplanatic angle, coherence time, outer scale and the turbulence spectrum characteristics; secondly to study the Antarctic inland lower stratospheric non Kolmogorov turbulent statistical characteristics; thirdly to validate the reliability and the astronomical site testing ability of turbulence model to estimate Antarctic atmospheric optical turbulence. The project research has important significance to quantitative evaluate the quality of candidate sites in Antarctic inland site , making China a planned and systematic construction in the highly competitive international observatory station, leading international cooperation projects, as soon as possible to carry out the forefront of the world astronomy research including dark energy and dark matter, black hole and compact objects, celestial origin and the origin of life and so on.

南极内陆已经成为21世纪地基天文竞争的焦点。我国的南极天文项目近几年得到了快速发展。南极内陆候选站址的湍流时空分布观测，是一项亟待开展的基础性天文工作。具有重要的科学研究价值和重大的国家应用需求。本项目采用湍流气象探空仪、气象塔等湍流测量设备并与模式估算相结合，对南极内陆候选站址的湍流时空分布进行直接测量，获取南极内陆候选站址有代表性的大气视宁度、Fried参数、等晕角、相干时间、以及外尺度、湍流谱等特征天文参数；研究南极内陆地区低平流层下非Kolmogorov湍流统计特征；检验和证实湍流模式估算南极大气光学湍流的可靠性和天文选址能力。该项目的研究为定量评估南极内陆地区候选站址品质，使我国有计划、有步骤地建设在国际上有高度竞争力的天文台站，主导国际合作项目，早日开展包括暗能量和暗物质、黑洞与致密天体、天体起源和生命起源等世界最前沿的天文研究具有重要意义。

本项目通过南极近地面多层湍流与气象参数测量系统的研制，并随第35次南极考察队运往南极昆仑站安装测量，获取了昆仑站多层近地面常规气象参数和光学湍流强度数据；开展了Bulk法和神经网络算法，使用常规气象参数估算南极泰山站近地面大气光学湍流强度的研究；开展了中尺度气象模式WRF估算南极泰山站近地面大气光学湍流强度的研究，首次使用Polar WRF可视化南极大陆近地面Cn2随时间的变化；收集了南极South Pole 1977-2017年气象探空数据，以及Dome C等多地近地面气象参数数据。首次利用Thorpe尺度估算了2012年南极点冬季和夏季折射率结构常数Cn2、大气相干长度、视宁度、等晕角等参数；并开展了高空非Kolmogorov湍流测量研究和湍流效应模拟研究。这些成果检验和证实了湍流模式估算南极大陆大气光学湍流的可靠性和天文选址能力，为准确预报南极大陆大气光学湍流时空变化以及三维湍流时空分布可视化成为可能。并将其运用到天文、光传输、光通信等领域具有十分重要的意义。