卧龙自然保护区生态建设工程的长效机制研究

With the rapid development of ecological degradation and environmental pollution, restoration ecology or ecological rehabilitation has been a hot topic in world. It is urgent to rehabilitate ecological environment in China and it has been listed in crucial files of economic and social development plan. However, ecological rehabilitation is hard to realize or success because of complicated and changful natural and socio-economic conditions. Taking Wolong Nature Reserve as case study,we give a systematic study plan about three projects of ecological rehabilitation:Natural Forest Protection Project, Grain for Green Project and Switch from Firewood to Electrity. The Projects are all implemented in China for many years and in most provinces. The study aims to realize persistent efficience of three projects. Three aspects are summarized as important factors affecting persistent efficience of three ecological rehabilitation projects in Wolong according to our previous study results and conclusions:ecological compensation, ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation, protected area management.We give a detailed plan in ecological compensation part about its compensation mechanisms and varieties,and local people's dependence.The forested land from Grain for Green Project is planed to study about its restoration of biological community and contribution to restore Giant Panda habitat. Multistakeholders in ecological rehabilitation project are to be analyzed in proposal to balance their benefit.What's more, how to relate ecological rehabilitation projects to local economic development and management policies of protected area is also involved in proposal. Almost all study contents listed above are planed to be compared with our previous results to give a dynamic study. The proposal is important and necessary for Chinese ecological rehabilitation because it provides an integrative idea for coupled natural and socio-economic ecosystem, which is significant for persistent efficience of ecological rehabilitaion project.In addition, the proposal give a new insight to study the relationships between local people and protected area management, and to probe into the complexity of protected area management.

本项研究立足于恢复生态学的前沿命题和我国生态建设的迫切任务，以卧龙自然保护区为研究案例，针对天然林保护、退耕还林和以电代柴三个既具有区域性意义，又与研究区域生物多样性保护有直接关系的生态建设工程进行研究,以实现生态建设工程能够在研究区域长期有效实施的目的。根据研究区域的实际情况和申请人的前期研究成果,将影响/促进生态建设工程长期有效实施的因素概括为三个方面:生态补偿、生态恢复和生物多样性保护、保护区管理。旨在探讨社区居民对生态补偿的依赖性以及生态补偿机制多样性和可持续性、退耕林地的群落恢复特征及对大熊猫生境保护的贡献、生态建设工程所涉及的主体及与保护区管理和经济发展政策的整合等问题，并将动态变化特征和机制分析纳入上述研究中。研究内容和思路对于探索生态建设工程中如何实现自然-社会-经济协调发展，保证生态建设工程长久有效实施，协调保护区和社区关系和提高保护区管理效率均具有重要的借鉴意义。

本项研究立足于恢复生态学的前沿命题和我国生态建设的迫切任务，在生物多样性保护热点地区——卧龙自然保护区，对生态建设工程的长效性及其影响机制进行研究，取得如下成果：①首次对三项生态建设工程适用性和可接受性进行了动态评估，与工程实施之初相比，以电代柴政策的居民接受度提高而退耕还林工程的接受度明显下降，面对外在的社会经济条件的变化，生态建设工程应是一个动态的适应过程；② 从农户的多维异质性角度出发，引入生计资本、人口结构、参与强度等多个概念解析农户异质性与生态建设工程长效性之间的关系，就退耕还林工程中的多重不确定问题，如退耕补助停止/减少、再参与、复耕以及未来生计选择等问题进行了针对性研究。研究证明，若退耕补助停止/减少，影响最大的人群是有小孩和成人的家庭，其次农户的再参与与其生计资本密切相关，农户拥有的耕地面积、现金收入、家庭村委会成员数量以及劳动力受教育程度对农户的再参与意愿具有显著影响，其中农户拥有的耕地面积对其再参与意愿具有显著负影响，且贡献较大，而现金收入、家庭村委会成员数量以及劳动力受教育程度对农户再参与意愿具有显著正影响，以现金收入的影响最大。再次，部分农户的复耕趋势明显，约占总体样本的27.49%。本研究表明，耕地数量在促使农户向其他生计类型转变中具有显著作用，因此耕地不足是农户复耕的主要原因，耕地问题仍然是制约退耕还林工程可持续性的关键。③生态保护和恢复增加了野生动物数量和活动范围，改变了保护区内人与动物的关系，野生动物肇事成为研究区域面临新的冲突类型。本研究系统调查了肇事野生动物的种类，肇事农地的基本特征以及肇事生态补偿的数量和效能。研究表明，当地农户对于肇事野生动物的态度与生态补偿的效能与其农业依赖性有关。在假设得到生态补偿的条件下，可以有效改变农户对于野生动物的态度。④本研究对于国内外生态补偿项目实施情况进行了经验总结和理论提升，将影响生态补偿项目长效性的核心和难题归结为四种权衡关系，包括：生态系统服务之间的权衡关系、监测成本与交易成本之间的权衡、公平和效率之间的权衡以及生态系统服务供应与减贫之间的权衡，并建议通过三种机制：反馈、支持和补充机制来解决权衡难题。