囚禁离子系统中量子统计的实验验证

It has become increasingly important to understand quantum phenomena and fluctuations in a nano-mechanical system, as technologies of such scale rapidly evolves in many areas of electronics, chemistry and biology. Furthermore, there have been growing attempts to develop an innovative device based on such quantum principles, which surpasses classical limitations. Development of a quantum computer or quantum simulator could be a typical example of such efforts. A system based on ion trap technology, a leading candidate for the large scale quantum computer, allow us to accurately observe micro-scale quantum phenomena in a controlled manner. Only recently, it has been possible to experimentally realize thought experiments that were just imagined to understand quantum principles with the help of trapped ion system and others. Here we propose a research program to experimentally study and harness the quantum statistical phenomena and fluctuation with a trapped ion system..First, we plan to experimentally test and observe the validity of basic principles in quantum statistical physics. So far, many statistical principles have been introduced only theoretically in quantum regime such as Crooks fluctuation theorem. We will examine the equality in both closed and open quantum system. We believe our experimental confirmation will provide a solid foundation on the quantum statistical physics..Second, we develop our system to work as classical and quantum Szilard engine, a concrete example of so called Maxwell Demon. The successful implementation of such Szilard engine would be applied to information-heat engine. .Finally, all the proposed projects require the technology to deal the phonon of trapped ion system in a new way: phonon addition and subtraction and projective measurement of phonon. We have clear plan to overcome existing technological limitations and implement such phonon operation for the first time in the world.

在众多领域内纳米技术的发展使得微观系统的量子现象和涨落吸引了越来越多的关注，人们也致力于开发超越经典极限的基于量子原理的新器件。其中，量子计算机和量子模拟器是典型的例子。离子阱系统是实现大规模量子计算的主要候选，允 许我们精确可控地观察微观量子现象。得益于实验技术的发展，一些原被设计于理解量子理论的思想实验直到最近才可能实验实现。我们现提出研究和驾驭量子统计和涨落的实验计划。首先，拟实验验证量子统计的基本原理。目前，许多统计物理原理的量子拓展仅限于理论，如Crooks涨落定理等。我们将在孤立和开放量子系统中检验这些原理，其结果将为量子统计奠定坚实基础。其次，拟开发经典和量子Szilard引擎（麦克斯韦妖的具体实例），该技术将被应用到信息热机的研究中。最后，上述实验计划均需以全新方式操纵离子阱中的声子：声子数加减和投影测量。我们有明确的计划克服现行技术限制，并在世界范围内率先实现这类新技术。

在过去四年中，我们利用囚禁离子系统在量子领域进行了关于统计物理的实验研究。我们达成了项目的以下主要目标：1）利用囚禁离子系统研究热力学原理，特别是阐明热力学第二定律的功的涨落定理在量子领域的有效性；2）开发可进行量子热力学实验研究的工具，特别是针对离子晶体振动模式的操作工具集。.人们对经典统计物理中非平衡功及其涨落定理进行了细致的研究，并且实验验证了量子孤立系统的非平衡功的涨落定理。然而，将这些结果推广到开放量子系统具有概念性的困难。在本项目的实施过程中，我们通过实验验证的方式将量子涨落定理的有效性推广到受退相干热库作用的量子开放系统的情况。我们还开发了声子数平移操作、投影测量、位移、压缩和分束等用来操作离子晶体振动模式的必要工具。.本项目主要进行基础研究，大部分成果发表于学术期刊。在过去四年中，本项目共发表13篇SCI收录期刊论文，包括1篇发表于《Nature》、1篇发表于《Nature Photonics》、4篇发表于《Nature Communications》、1篇发表于《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》、2篇发表于《Physical Review Letters》、1篇发表于《Physical Review X》、1篇发表于《Chemical Science》和2篇发表于《New Journal of Physics》。本项目共培养了8名获得博士学位的研究生。