基于形态特征的世界栅蛛科系统学研究

The comb-tailed spider family Hahniidae is famous as the fense -like transverse arrangement of their spinnerets. It's an important group during the evolution of spiders from underground to the ground and the air. But their bodies often look small or even tiny(0.5-3mm), so this group has been ignored by some arachnologists for a long time. Although the research history of this group is more than 170 years, there are only 27 genera and 248 species recorded from six habitable continents of the world (Platnick, 2014). Three subfamilies were given by Lehtinen (1967), including two subfamilies without the typical arrangement of spinnerets. Now Hahniidae is definitely a polyphyletic group, the relationship of this family with other spider groups is unknown (Coddington, 2005), diagnosis of subfamilies, genera and some species needs to be revised, and the diversity of Hahniidae is still not clear. In this program, we firstly plan to do the most comprehensive research on this group, based on the technology of micro-photography, SEM and manual drawing, an extensive loan of specimens from each continent and a supplementary collection. Our preliminary research has already covered China, North and South America and totally 126 Hahniid species were examined (42 species undescribed). The aims of this program are to check more than 300 Hahniid species (including more than 210 known species), describe new genera and new species, clarify the classification of the whole family throughout the world and make a phylogenetic analysis amongst this family and with other relate families of Amauroboidea and Dictynoidea. Also, the biogeography and evolution of this group will be analyzed after the systematic study motioned above.

栅蛛以其纺器横向排列成栅栏状而得名，是蜘蛛由地下向地表、再到地上空间进化的重要中间类群。但因个体相对较小、种类偏少而长期未引起蛛形学家的足够重视。目前这一类群已知27属248种，全世界分布，围绕这一类群存在着诸多分类学问题，如物种多样性认识不够、属级阶元混乱、科和亚科界定不清、甚至科的归属也不甚明确等问题。本研究从形态学角度入手，以目前最为清晰的显微摄影、电镜扫描以及手绘图等多种手段相结合，在已有的对中国、北美和南美区系126种栅蛛(含42新种)分类研究的基础之上，首次开展全世界栅蛛的系统学研究：镜检约300种栅蛛(含已知种210种以上)，清理和修订已存在的分类学问题、发现和记述新的物种和属级阶元；梳理栅蛛分类体系；分析栅蛛科内以及与近缘科之间的系统发育关系；并对栅蛛的地理分布和演化进行探讨。

栅蛛个体不大，最显著的特征是纺器横排似栅栏状、气孔远离纺器基部。但近些年来，基于一些系统发育分析或比较结果，大量不具备上述特征的种类被移入本科，造成该科混乱的局面。项目组在四年的时间内，检视标本3000余号（包括模式标本100余号）的基础上，对全世界范围24属近300种栅蛛进行了系统学研究。研究结果包括：提出拟订立的新属3个，恢复生效的属名1个，提出了3个属级新异名；新种26个，种级新异名1个，重新生效的种名2个，种级新组合16个，单性新发现1个；对全世界栅蛛的24个属编制了检索表；选择了31属41种蜘蛛作为内群，以与栅蛛相关的漏斗蛛科、暗蛛科、并齿蛛科和卷叶科的5个代表种作为外群，共选取了44个形态性状，对栅蛛的单系性和属间关系进行了支序分析，结果表明，栅蛛目前依然不是单系群；对栅蛛在全世界的分布特点进行了归纳总结；重新梳理了可以用于栅蛛科内分类鉴定和种属间识别的一些关键特征，如：副纳精囊相对大小与位置、交媾管相对长度、生殖球的形状、插入器基部位置、中突有无与相对大小、跗舟沟形状和长度；气孔的相对位置；发声器官的位置与结构特点、眼睛的数量；腹部腹面特有的短毛等其他特征；完成了标本显微照片1000余张、手绘图120张、电镜照片200余张、栅蛛生态照片20余张。.受一些主客观因素的影响，仍有一些模式标本未能在项目执行期完成检视，系统发育结果未能就栅蛛科的单系性和科内各类群间的相互关系提出好的结论，也未能就栅蛛的起源与演化有任何结论。结合近期系统发育研究的进展，项目组将在未来几年的工作中，期待有机会以分子标记为主要手段，继续探讨栅蛛的系统发育、起源和演化等问题。.在本项目资助下，共发表学术论文 24篇（含SCI论文12篇），出版学术专著1部；出席国内外学术会议14次，承办大型国际学术会议1次；培养博士研究生1名，硕士研究生11名。