不同农作经营方式的水资源利用效率与水环境效率研究：测度与优化

The shortage of water resources and the deterioration of water environment has been an important restricting factor in the sustainable development of agriculture and food security in China, which are particularly prominent in the Main Grain Producing Area. However, the previous literature has a high degree of concern about the efficiency of irrigation water use and less attention to agricultural water environmental efficiency. In this study, using the Main Grain Producing Areas of different farming management as the research object, aiming at the problems of agricultural development, water resources shortage and serious water pollution. a series of analytical methods were used including the water footprint theory, water footprint evaluation index, stochastic frontier distance function analysis method. We study water use efficiency and water environmental efficiency of different farming modes in the Main Grain Producing Area, explore the optimal agricultural management mode of economic and environment development, and clarify the scale of agricultural production and operation, vertical cooperation mode, government support policy factors and external effects on the efficiency of agricultural water use efficiency and agricultural water environment efficiency, revealing the main influencing factors and influence degree, so as to provide policy support for the main crop "adjustment structure and transfer mode", and to put forward the theoretical basis for the establishment of an efficient, resource-saving, environment-friendly agriculture with sustainable development and long-term mechanism.

水资源短缺和水生态环境恶化问题已成为我国农业可持续发展和粮食安全的重要制约因素，这一问题在粮食主产区尤为突出。但是，以往的文献对灌溉水利用效率的关注度较高，对农业水环境效率的关注度较少。本研究以粮食主产区不同农作经营方式为研究对象，针对农业发展、水资源紧缺和水污染严重的矛盾问题，采用水足迹理论、水足迹评价指标、随机前沿距离函数等分析方法，进行粮食主产区不同农作经营方式的水资源利用效率和水环境效率研究，探究经济与生态环境协同发展的最优农作经营方式，阐明农业生产经营规模、垂直合作方式、政府支持政策等内部因素与外部作用对农业水资源利用效率和农业水环境效率的影响机理，揭示主要影响因素及影响程度，从而为主要农作物“调结构、转方式”提出政策支持，为建立经济高效、资源节约、环境友好型农业可持续发展长效机制提供理论依据。

水资源短缺和水生态环境恶化是长期困扰中国水资源问题的两大核心问题，科学的评价水资源利用效率是解决这一矛盾的关键。本课题基于水足迹理论将农业生产耗水量计算细分为生长水足迹、污染水足迹和生产水足迹，在此基础上计算种植业生长用水效率、生态用水效率和生产用水效率，分析其关键影响因素。在实际研究中分为区域尺度和微观农户，主要结果如下：（1）区域尺度：2001-2017年期间，辽宁省作物生长水足迹和生产水足迹呈现先波动性增长后稳步上升态势，最高值为278.8亿m3和369.3亿m3；污染水足迹呈现先上升后缓慢下降的特征；各地市间水足迹差异较大，最大值和最小值相差10.63倍-13.5倍。生长用水效率和生产用水效率呈现自东向西逐渐降低的趋势；生态用水效率较高地区分布在辽东和辽西，呈现小范围聚集性。通过加强农业高效用水技术推广和提高政策管理水平等措施，辽宁省能够节省作物消耗用水量17.9%，生态用水量15.5%，生产用水量13.5%。（2）微观尺度：东北地区的玉米种植户每亩地化肥投入的均值是62.3kg左右，标准离差率是25.78，导致灰水足迹均值为1988m3/亩，灰水足迹标准离差率是28.11，由于农民的施肥量与化肥有效成分差异较大，农户灰水足迹差距大于化肥投入量的差距。水环境效率均值是0.88，农户在玉米生产中普遍存在环境无效率，可以通过提高农业管理和调整投入要素在产出不变的前提下减少12%的灰水排放。在施肥方式中，“多次施用化肥”的施肥量均值和标准离差率明显低于后三者，但是灰水足迹均值和标准离差率却明显高于后三者，“一次施用化肥”相比其他三种化肥方式提高1.359%的环境效率，而“多次施用化肥”降低2.587%的环境效率显著。“农家肥+化肥”和“秸秆还田+化肥”对环境效率的影响在统计上不显著。农户的户主健康程度和环境认知、化肥认知、化肥价格感知等因素显著影响灰水足迹和水环境效率。