蝴蝶翅热量获取与传递的机理研究

Butterfly is an important resource insect with high economic and artistic value. The happening of butterfly autonomous flight needs to absorb heat by wings from the sun with the body temperature higher than the ambient temperature. Butterfly flight directly participates in mating and reproductive behavior. Heat gain of wings is the essential prerequisite for the butterfly reproductive success. However, that how do butterfly wings absorb the heat from the sun and transfer it to the thorax has been still not clear so far. Thus, to ascertain the mechanism of heat gain and transfer for butterfly wings determines the optimal environmental conditions for their captive propagation and utilization and also provides science references for in-depth understanding the mechanism of solar heat using in insect. In this project, the adult body temperature changes will be measured in real-time under different light intensities and angles wings opening to exactly clear the appropriate light intensity and angle wings opening. The spectral reflectance of different area on wings will be measured to determine the distribution on wing surface for light absorbing and non-absorbing regionals. Temperature changes of wing surface and vein will be measured in real-time to clear whether wings have the ability to temporarily store and transmit heat. Morphological characteristics of light absorbing and non-absorbing regionals and veins will be systematically observed, and their structure and function will be analyzed and chemical composition and thermal conductivity of gas in vein cavity will be measured, to further clear that whether the morphological characteristics of wing is conducive to the heat gain and transfer. The mechanism of heat gain and transfer for butterfly wings will be systematically clarified through study in this project.

蝴蝶是具有很高经济与艺术价值的资源昆虫。自主飞行需翅从太阳光吸收热量，在体温高于环境温度时发生。飞行直接参与了蝴蝶的交配与繁殖。翅的热量获取，是蝴蝶生殖成功，必不可少的先决条件。不过，蝴蝶翅如何获取热量，并传递热量？至今仍不清楚。因此，探明翅热量获取与传递的机理，可为蝴蝶规模化繁殖的环境条件设置提供理论基础，也为深入了解昆虫利用太阳热量的机制提供科学依据。本项目通过在不同光照强度以及翅展开角度下，实时测定青斑蝶虫体温度变化，明确热量获取的适宜光照强度和翅展开角度；测定翅面不同区域光谱反射率，明确吸光与非吸光区域的分布；实时监测翅面和翅脉在热量获取时温度变化，明确翅是否存在暂时存储和传递热量的能力；系统观察吸光与非吸光区域、翅脉形态特征，并进行结构与功能分析，同时测定翅脉空腔内气体物质成分与导热性，进一步明确翅的形态特征是否有利于热量获取与传递。通过本项目的研究，系统阐明蝴蝶翅热量获取与传递的机理。

蝴蝶具有很高的观赏与艺术价值。饲养蝴蝶，可以为农民带来丰厚的收入。蝴蝶翅可直接从太阳光中获取热量，用于自主飞行的能量消耗。飞行活跃性，直接影响了蝴蝶访花觅食、求偶婚飞和交配产卵。热量获取使蝴蝶飞行减少了虫体能量的消耗，提高用于繁殖的能量。因而热量获取制约着蝴蝶繁殖成功。不过，蝴蝶翅如何获取热量，如何传输热量？前人尚未清晰系统地阐述。了解蝴蝶翅热量获取与传递机理，可为蝴蝶规模化养殖提供理论基础。.本项目通过测定不同光照强度与翅展开角度下，翅面实时温度，明确蝴蝶热量获取适宜光照与翅展开角度；测定翅面光谱反射率，鉴定翅面不同分区热量获取能力，判定热吸收与非热吸收区域；实时监测热量获取时翅面温度变化趋势，明确翅热量获取、暂时存储与传输的能力；鉴定翅面不同区域的鳞片排列方式与超微结构，翅脉表面形态结构，阐明翅的热量获取、暂时存储与传输的结构机理。.结果显示适宜青斑蝶翅热量获取的光照强度为25000-45000lx，翅展开角度为60-90°。前翅热获取能力强于后翅。翅面深色区域为热吸收区域，浅色区域为非热吸收区域；前翅中后段与后翅内部的深色区域为热量暂时存储区域；靠近热量存储区域的翅脉为热量传输路径。.翅面热吸收与非热吸收区域鳞片排列方式存在显著差异。深色区域为双层鳞片叠加，成瓦砾堆积状。浅色区域鳞片有单层和双层排列方式，均匀平铺覆盖翅面，双层排列散热能力强于单层。深色与浅色区域鳞片结构存在显著差异。深色鳞片面积与圆润度大于浅色。深色鳞片形态为密网型；浅色鳞片有2种，分别为渔网型和筛孔型。离翅基部越远，前翅深色鳞片面积越小；越靠近翅基部，鳞片热吸收能力越强。.对于翅脉，靠近热存储区域的区段，表面附着有密集的鳞片，其形态类型与深色区域鳞片相似；离翅基部越近，翅脉鳞片附着密度越低，直至无鳞片。翅脉鳞片附着规律，可有效地在鳞片密集段聚集较多热量，在鳞片稀疏段聚集较少或者不聚集热量，从而在翅脉形成能量势差。热量从鳞片密集段向稀疏段源源不断地沿着翅脉传输至胸部飞行肌中，触发自主飞行。