基于三维多孔网状结构的耐久超疏水表面构筑及性能研究

Superhydrophobic materials show great potential applications in oil spill treatment involved marine energy and environmental protection, anti-corrosion of marine transportation tools, self-cleaning of construction buildings, industrial water-proof and anti-staining of articles for daily use. However, the fragility of the superhydrophobic surfaces hinders their development as well as commercial applications. In the proposal, superhydrophobic organic/inorganic nanocomposite coatings with 3D nanostructured porous networks are to be fabricated by solvent/nonsolvent technique, using hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as main materials and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as enhancing fillers. It is expected to improve the innate abrasive resistance of coatings utilizing the superior mechanical properties of CNTs in combination with the shape recovery property of PDMS, and to guarantee the stability of superhydrophobicity of the coatings through refreshing of the roughening structures owing to the 3D nanostructured porous networks and maintaining of the low surface-energy of the abrasion-induced surfaces owing to the hydrophobicity of PDMS. The roughening effect of CNTs on the surface, and the formation of surface structures to obtain superhydrophobicity are to be investigated. The formation mechanism of the 3D porous networks and the effects of their morphologies on the roughness of the as-obtained or abrasion-induced surfaces should be clarified, aiming to establish a controllable method for fabrication of durable and abrasion-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces and advance superhydrophobic surfaces towards practical applications.

超疏水材料在海洋溢油相关的能源与环境保护、海洋运输工具防腐防护、建筑表面自洁，以及工业防水、民用防污等领域具有广泛而重要的应用。然而，超疏水材料表面脆弱的机械性能极大地阻碍了其发展和商业应用。项目以疏水性聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）为涂层材料、碳纳米管（CNTs）为补强填料，采用溶剂/非溶剂法构筑三维多孔网状结构的有机/无机纳米复合超疏水涂层。利用CNTs优异的力学性能，结合PDMS材料的“弹性形变恢复”特性，提高涂层的本征耐磨性；利用涂层内部的三维多孔网状结构，结合PDMS材料的疏水特性，使强磨损后裸露的新表面既能重现微观粗糙结构又能维持低表面能性质，从而保障恒超疏水性。研究涂层组分、构筑方法与微观结构之间的关系，探索涂层微观结构与力学性能之间的关联。揭示涂层三维多孔网状结构的形成机制，探明涂层微观结构在外部机械作用力下的衍变规律及其对超疏水性能的影响，建立耐磨抗损伤超疏水表面的制备方法。

超疏水材料在防腐、自清洁、防水、防污等领域具有重要的应用。针对超疏水材料普遍存在表面脆弱，性能难以持久的问题，项目以疏水性聚合物为基体、碳纳米管为补强填料，构筑三维多孔网状结构的有机/无机纳米复合超疏水材料。利用纳米材料增强聚合物的力学性能，结合聚合物弹性材料的“弹性形变恢复”特性，提高了涂层材料表面的本征耐磨性；利用涂层材料内部的三维多孔网状结构，结合疏水性聚合物材料的低表面能特性，使强磨损后裸露的新表面既能重现微观粗糙结构又能维持低表面能性质，从而保障材料的恒超疏水性。建立了碳纳米管的改性方法和技术手段，实现了碳纳米管在聚合物如有机硅橡胶材料中的有效分散，增强改性碳纳米管与聚合物基体的界面相互作用，提高了碳纳米管与聚合物基体材料的相容性，为高弹耐磨超疏水表面的构筑奠定材料基础。揭示了涂层三维多孔网状结构的形成机制，实现涂层表面及内部空间微观结构的可控调节，探明了涂层微观结构与表面润湿性能之间的关系。揭示了涂层组分和三维结构对外力作用下涂层表面微观结构衍变的协同影响机制，明确了涂层空间微观结构与超疏水表面耐磨稳定性之间的相关性，实现了涂层微观粗糙结构的重现，并建立耐磨、抗损伤的三维多孔网状结构超疏水材料的制备方法。研究成果获陕西省科学技术二等奖1项，陕西省高等学校科学技术一等奖1项；发表论文17篇，其中SCI收录论文15篇；申请中国发明专利5件，已授权1件；培养博士生4名，硕士生10名，其中已获毕业并获学位7名；参加国际学术会议交流5人次，国内专业学术交流26人次。