基于灌区尺度的绿洲聚落空间格局及耦合关系- - 以张掖绿洲为例

The core of the problem of the arid inland basin lies in the water, the core area is an oasis. Integral parts of Oasis are the irrigation areas,.it`s also contradictory gathering area of the water - land -human system . Internal in the irrigation area, due to human needs and directional control, the level of the canal, density, distribution pattern and amount of water diverted, essentially affect the scope and scale of the irrigation areas, thereby affecting the carrying capacity of the population, population migration, aggregation statein turn affects the size and spatial pattern of the irrigation area. Due to the Complex series, parallel relationship of main canals, further affect the configuration status of the water resources of the entire oasis and water - land - human tissue status.Within the Oasis Irrigation areas, between the points (settlement) - the domain surfaces (irrigation area, administrative area, land use) - corridors (Irrigation channel systems, road system) exist complex coupling relationship. The distribution patterns and the hierarchical relationship of irrigation channels are key factors that determine and influence the contradictions between the population - land - water system. Therefore, it is must to explore the laws of formation and development of Oasis settlement system from the coupling relations of microcosmic spatial processes-microcosmic spatial mechanism-microcosmic spatial pattern.Take irrigation areas as the basic unit , The basic goal of the subject are to analysis that Spatial distribution pattern of Oasis Settlement System in different types of irrigation areas(hillside irrigation areas and Oasis Irrigation areas).To explore the internal mechanism and special laws of the oasis settlements; To explore the complex coupling relations between the Point System (settlements)- domain surface system (Administrative Region (SAR), irrigation areas, land) and Corridor System (irrigation Channel, road networks, etc.) To establish the rating scale sequence relationship between the corridor system and settlement system .

干旱区内陆河流域的核心在于水,核心区域在于绿洲，而绿洲的最基本组元是灌区，是水-土-人系统矛盾的聚集区。在灌区内部，由于人类的需求和定向调控，渠系的等级、分布格局和引水量，从本质上影响了灌区的范围和规模，进而影响人口的承载能力，而人口的迁移、聚集状态又反过来影响灌区的规模和空间格局。由于主干渠复杂的串、并联关系，又进一步影响到整个绿洲水资源的配置状态和水-土-人组织状态。质点（聚落）-域面（灌区）-廊道（渠系）之间存在着复杂的互赖耦合关系。因此，必须从微观空间过程、微观空间机制、微观空间格局的耦合关系中探讨绿洲聚落体系形成和发展规律；分析不同灌区类型（沿山灌区与绿洲灌区；绿洲中腹灌区与边缘区灌区）中绿洲聚落体系的空间分布格局和调控机制；探究质点体系-域面体系-廊道体系之间的耦合关系，建立廊道体系与聚落体系之间的等级规模序列。寻求不同类型灌区中水资源和人口管理的策略。

灌区是构成绿洲的最基本单元，正是具有复杂互赖关系的一个个灌区，经过空间整合后，才形成了现代绿洲。在人工灌溉渠系的强烈控制与引导下，渠系的供水量决定了灌溉面积，而灌溉面积又决定人口和聚落的承载能力，因此，水-土-人系统存在着高度的相互依存性和共生性。课题以《张掖灌区统计年报》和土地“二调”数据库为基础，综合应用空间自相关分析模型、邻近距离指数、耦合协调度模型等方法，从微观过程、格局、机制方面探讨了灌区水、土、聚落的时空格局及其复杂的耦合机制。结果表明①黑河流域39个灌区中，居民点聚集分布特征明显，具有典型的“亲水性”和“亲地性”，“质点”（居民点）—“廊道”（渠系和路网） — “域面”（土地）之间存在非常密切的相互依存关系。②沿山独立灌区居民点、干渠、水浇地具有明显的空间聚集特征，渠系对水浇地分布具有显著的控制和引导作用。绿洲边缘区灌区受黑河干流的影响，居民点、水浇地表现出明显的核心—外围特征；绿洲中腹灌区渠系对于水浇地和居民点的控制作用反而低于其他两类灌区。③沿山独立灌区—绿洲边缘区灌区—绿洲中腹灌区，水、土地开发强度在增大，廊道作用越来越明显；居民点与水浇地、渠系( 道路) 之间的最邻近距离在缩短。④张掖绿洲39个灌区，聚落和水、土资源耦合度总体处于高水平耦合阶段，但空间差异明显。绿洲核心灌区处于高度耦合状态；沿山灌区处于磨合阶段；下游外围地带灌区处于拮抗阶段。. 该研究突破了传统内陆河流域从“山地——荒漠——绿洲”宏观尺度进行人居环境研究的基本范式，创新性地从微观过程——微观格局——微观机制角度入手，发现了内陆河流域“水—土—人—经济—聚落体系”之间的相互依存性和共生性特征，揭示了干旱区人居环境的作用机，完善了绿洲人居环境研究的分析框架和方法，对绿洲人居环境优化和水土资源合理开发提供了决策依据。. 项目按计划完成了项目书中的研究任务，依托基金项目资助发表的研究论文26篇，出版专著2部（已经付梓）。