典型草原牧区游牧与定牧方式下的草原群落变迁机制比较研究---以中蒙两国国境线两侧对应嘎查浩特为例

This study is based on plant communities and soil environmental stability and change characteristics of typical grassland ecosystem which is the ecological barrier of north China, selected Gacha and its several herders Haote as corresponding research unit with the same natural conditions on both sides of the border of China and Mongolia Conduct the research by means of literature review and interview method of its grazing way and in combination with remote sensing technology of vertical and horizontal, the micro and macro pastry dynamic analysis and field sampling survey method, GPS tracking livestock steppe community behavior analysis; On this basis, we will summarize materials, analyse data and do comparative study trying to find out the differences of steppe community present situation and soil physical and chemical characteristics and herding ways of Gacha and herders Haote pasture land between the two countries under the same natural background of ecosystem are discussed. Discuss the influencing mechanism of grassland ecological system components resourcesand human land environment. And point out that the mechanism problem of different herding way to grassland ecological balance and pasture degradation and the scientific scheme to solve the problem. This project has new meaning for understanding of cultivation of grassland ecosystem to maintain and damaged relations research which is caused by grazing on natural grassland system and forced set-grazing. At the same time provide important scientific basis for grassland vegetation restoration and effective grazing, economic and social stability, sustainable development of pastoral areas, ecological balance study and pastoral area’s harmonious society construction and so on.

本研究立足于我国北方生态屏障的典型草原的植物群落、土壤环境的变迁，在中国和蒙古国两国国境线两侧各选定自然条件一致的对应一个嘎查和其内的多座放牧牧户浩特为研究单元，通过其放牧方式的文献综述与访谈法，结合遥感技术的纵横向、宏微观面点动态分析法与草原群落实地取样调查分析法、牲畜GPS跟踪行为分析法等进行调研研究；通过归纳资料、分析数据和比较过程，查明两国相同自然背景下的嘎查和牧户浩特草场的草原群落现状与土壤理化特征、放牧方式的改变差异，阐明草原生态系统组成资源变化与人地环境的影响机制；揭示放牧方式变革对草原生态平衡与草场群落退化造成的机制问题和解决问题的科学方案。此项研究，了悟放牧方式对草原系统的自然对应和强迫定居放牧或养殖所造成的草原生态系统维持与受损关系研究具有新颖意义；为草原植被恢复与有效放牧、经济社会稳定、牧区持续发展、生态平衡研究和牧区和谐社会建设等方面奠定基础和提供实践研究思路或实

本研究基于牧区草原畜牧业利用与生态环境恶化的前提，以中国和蒙古国两国的国境线两侧的自然条件一致的对应各一个苏木嘎查和其内的多座牧户浩特为研究区，综合利用遥感与野外调研等宏微观研究方法，以研究区典型草原的草场群落、牲畜与畜群和土壤环境的变迁为基础，放牧方式的改变与草原群落的变化作为主要研究内容，旨在揭示草原群落变迁现状与影响机制的因果关系。. 重要结果：1）我国牧区由游牧转向定牧过程是较连贯而多样化的过程。这个过程中产生草畜、平衡、周转和人地关系不平衡等问题。2）随着放牧方式的改变，嘎查草原面层次上的原生草原群落的演替差异化更为显著。具体表现为：自然系统功能降低、草场星点状、碎块状或整体退化和社会合作性人地关系复杂化。3）多数定居牧户浩特草场的生态性、经济性和文化社会性的持续周转较单一，政策性依赖欲望较明显。4）定居牧户浩特数量的增多，可利用限区草场面积减少，导致牧户草畜矛盾、生计问题、资源短缺和市场适应等问题出现。5）牧户草场的网围栏轮牧是现有主要放牧方式（牧户浩特限区内按季节性轮牧、牲畜归点与畜群散放性放牧，结合投入性圈养舍饲的方式），导致草场的利用频度高、逐年草场重复利用而无法更新恢复。6）草原生态恢复与保持平衡离不开自然草原系统的发展规律。. 关键数据：1）收集了中蒙两国边境线两侧选用各自1个苏木嘎查和其内的3-5座牧户浩特30年间的规模变化数据。2）研究团队的多次野外草原群落的植物及土壤取样调查。3）调研统计了研究区内牧户牲畜与畜群变化数据。4）研究区近30年来遥感数据的下载与处理分析。. 科学意义：在自然条件和土地利用等其它影响因素相对稳定条件下，温带草原畜牧业经营方式的改变而引起的草原生态系统维持与受损关系的查明，探讨典型草原地区的放牧方式对草原系统的自然规律对应还是加大人力影响作用。牧户定居的网围栏轮牧等强迫使草原系统的整体功能削弱而分割系统功能的脆弱化利用关键所在。同时，草原植被整体退化和牲畜单一化发展是草原生态系统非平衡和难以系统恢复的具体表现，也是生态、经济和社会难以持续发展的原因之一。