晋北典型露天矿区生态系统服务的时空演变及驱动机制

Ecosystem services research is related to the human wellbeing and has been become the hot point for several years, however, the research in mining area has just been started gradually. We will analyze the spatio-temporal evolution and driving mechanisms for ecosystem services in typical open cast mining area (Pingshuo open cast mining area, 380km2) of northern Shanxi based on the prominent problem of resident wellbeing affected by mining activities. In the process, we will adopt the basic theories of ecosystem services and research results, meanwhile, collect literatures and cases, sample and survey in the quadrats, interview and questionnaire investigation. Several methods and models will be taken, such as typical case analyses, multi-models assessment, spatial analyses, production possibility frontier model (PPF model), partial correlation analyses, system dynamics model, geo-detector model, DPSIR model, etc. According to these, we will construct the theory frame of ecosystem services research in mining area, analyze the correlations of trade-offs and synergy, spatio-temporal traits, driving mechanisms for ecosystem services, discover the spatio-temporal traits of provision and demand, influencing processes for ecosystem services, couple the ecosystem services evolutions and resident wellbeing changes, and propose multi-schemes for optimizing ecosystem services in mining area from different stakeholders. Both of the transformation mechanisms for trade-offs and synergy and influencing mechanisms for provision and demand will be focused on. The results on one hand will be useful for strengthening the theory bases in trade-off and synergy, provision and demand, and driving mechanisms for ecosystem services research, on the other hand will be helpful for improving the ability of ecosystem services and ecological environment in this study area and the similar mining areas.

生态系统服务研究关系人类福祉早已成研究热点，而涉及矿区生态系统服务的研究才逐渐兴起。本项目立足生态系统服务研究的基础理论与研究实践，瞄准晋北典型露天矿区（平朔矿区380平方公里）居民福祉受采矿活动影响这一突出问题，通过文献案例收集及样方调查、样品采集、调查访谈等，采用典型案例分析法、模型评估法、空间分析法、PPF模型法、偏相关分析法、系统动力学模型法、地理探测器模型法、DPSIR模型法等，构建矿区生态系统服务研究的理论框架，探讨权衡与协同关系转换及驱动机理，解析供给与需求的时空特征及影响过程，分析矿区生态系统服务变化的效应并制定优化控制方案。重点揭示权衡与协同转换的驱动机理、供给与需求流动的影响机理。本项目研究成果一方面可丰富生态系统服务权衡与协同、供给与需求研究的理论基础及相关驱动的作用机理；另一方面可为本矿区及类似矿区生态系统服务提升及矿区生态环境建设提供实践支撑。

本项目立足平朔露天矿区采矿活动对生态系统服务影响这一突出问题，以剧烈扰动背景下矿区生态重建过程与矿区居民福祉提升为切入点，指导矿区受损生态系统保护修复及其服务提升。在矿区内通过资料收集、实地样品采集、样方调查、现场测试等手段，获取矿区生态系统服务研究的重要参数数值。主要研究内容包括5个方面：生态系统服务的典型特征与研究理论框架构建；矿区重建生态系统要素特征与影响因素研究；生态系统服务权衡与协同转换及驱动研究；矿区生态系统服务变化的效应研究；矿区生态系统服务视角下生态系统优化控制研究。通过本项目研究：①厘清了生态系统服务权衡与协同、供给与需求的研究理论框架，并探究其未来发展方向；在梳理“生态安全格局”和“生态系统适应性管理”理论体系基础上，构建了矿区生态系统管理框架。②识别矿区受损生态系统存在较高景观生态风险，不利于矿区整体生态系统服务的提升；而矿区重建生态系统中土壤和植被要素状况随复垦年限增加不断改善，共同促进生态系统服务提升。③识别矿区生态系统服务价值依次为调节服务＞支持服务＞供给服务＞文化服务，其中调节、支持与文化服务表现为协同关系，且各类服务间权衡与协同关系的空间聚集特征总体较为显著。矿区生态系统服务类型主要是水文调节、气候调节、气体调节、土壤保持、生物多样性和食物生产六类，其中耕地和林地是影响生态系统服务价值的关键，受损生态系统保护修复是未来矿区生态服务功能提升的关键手段。④在确定11个潜在生态源地、提取17条生态廊道和构建生态风险指数的基础上，构建了矿区生态安全格局，指导矿区土地利用的优化控制，促进矿区生态系统服务提升。通过生态系统服务理论、要素及机制研究，一方面可以丰富生态系统服务内涵及基础理论体系；另一方面为矿区生态系统保护修复和服务提升提供优化控制方案，为采矿复垦工艺优化、生态恢复重建、环境影响控制、村庄搬迁规划等提供实践支撑。