爆轰环境中微纳米铝粉点火与燃烧释能调控研究

Aluminum powder is an important component of energy enhancement and energy regulation in aluminized explosives, which is widely used in fuel air explosives, high-energy explosives, combined effects explosives, etc. However, many fundamental issues which have not been resolved, such as shell breaking, ignition and combustion energy release of aluminum powder in the detonation process. These issues restrict the application and development of aluminized explosives. Based on the micro-structure characteristics of micron / nano aluminum powder, this project focuses on the ignition and combustion mechanism of aluminum particle swarm. The following studies are carried out: (1) The dissociation mechanism of shell-core microstructure under the detonation impact, thermal expansion stress, alumina shell crystal change and other factors is revealed by using numerical simulation, XRD, DSC and other means. (2) Based on the mechanism of high temperature gasification and motion diffusion, the combustion kinetic model of aluminum particles for the detonation environment of high temperature, high pressure and strong convection is established. The combustion energy release rate of aluminum powder in detonation environment is obtained, and combustion energy release control methods of aluminum powder are mastered. (3) Based on the results of blasting tests on aluminized explosives and theoretical calculations on the aluminum powder combustion, the influence of combustion and energy release characteristics of aluminum powder on the performance of aluminized explosives is determined. The study of this project can provide theoretical basis for formula design of aluminized explosives, optimization of energy output structure and improvement of damage efficiency.

铝粉是含铝炸药中能量增强与能量调节的重要组元，被大量应用于燃料空气炸药、高能炸药、联合效应炸药等。但关于铝粉在含铝炸药爆轰过程中的破壳、点火、燃烧释能等基本问题尚未解决，制约了含铝炸药的应用与发展。本项目从微纳米铝粉的细观构成特点入手，聚焦铝粒子群点火与燃烧释能机理问题，开展如下研究：（1）利用数值模拟、XRD、DSC等手段，揭示铝粒子“壳-核”微结构在爆轰冲击、热膨胀应力、氧化铝壳晶变等因素作用下的解离机制；（2）基于高温气化和运动扩散机理，建立铝粒子在高温、高压、强对流爆轰环境中的燃烧动力学模型，获得铝粒子群燃烧释能速率，掌握爆轰环境中铝粉燃烧释能调控方法；（3）基于含铝炸药爆炸试验结果和铝粉燃烧理论计算结果，确定铝粉释能速率与炸药爆炸性能之间的定量关系，掌握铝粉燃烧释能特性对含铝炸药爆炸性能的影响规律。本项目的研究可为含铝炸药配方设计、能量输出结构优化、毁伤效能提高提供理论依据。

铝粉在含铝炸药中的点火与燃烧释能机理长期以来一直是困扰研究者的科学疑难，为了解决铝粉在高温、高压、强对流环境中的破壳、点火、燃烧释能等基本问题，本项目采取理论研究为主，理论研究、实验研究和数值模拟相结合的研究途径，（1）分析了纳米铝粉在高温环境中“壳-核”结构解离过程，掌握了铝粉“壳-核”结构解离过程和机制，明确了高温环境中“壳-核”结构解离的根本原因；其次，揭示了铝粉“壳-核”微结构在爆轰冲击、热膨胀应力、氧化铝壳晶变等因素作用下的解离机制；（2）建立了高温、高压、强对流燃烧模型，得到了铝粒子群在爆轰环境中的燃烧速率方程，利用该方程可计算不同温度、不同粒度条件下微纳米铝粉的燃烧速率和燃烧度，并掌握了铝粉在爆轰环境中的燃烧规律；（3）基于不同粒度、不同铝粉含量的含铝炸药爆压试验、圆筒试验，以及不同粒度铝粉的含铝炸药爆炸毁伤数值模拟，确定了铝粉燃烧释能速率与炸药爆炸性能之间的定量关系，掌握了铝粉燃烧释能特性对含铝炸药爆炸性能的影响规律。通过本项目的研究掌握了铝粉在含铝炸药爆轰过程中的破壳、点火、燃烧释能过程和机理，为指导含铝炸药的设计与提高战斗部毁伤效能提供了重要的理论依据。