集体林区共有林权冲突的形成机理和治理机制研究

The increasingly intense rivalry in forest resource use has contributed to a large number of common forest rights conflicts throughout the world. China has made a series of institutional arrangements to cope with the increasing rivalry in forest resource use; however, these institutional arrangements are insufficiently valid in decreasing common forest rights conflicts. The research will use the large sample data to study the formation and the governance of China’s common forest rights conflicts, and employ the transaction cost theory and the theory of property rights public domain to explore the formation mechanisms of common forest rights conflicts from the perspectives of forest rights identification and implementation. The research will proceed to build the econometric model to investigate the factors affecting farmers’ participation in common forest rights conflicts and endeavor to reveal the dynamic process of forest rights conflicts formation using the actor-oriented approach. Using the grounded theory, this study will use the comparative case analysis method to discover the mechanisms via which common forest rights conflicts are successfully solved and the mechanisms via which common forest rights conflicts are unsuccessfully solved. Finally, this research will summarize the experiences of solving common forest rights conflicts in foreign countries and develop a common forest rights governance mechanism applicable to China. This research will contribute to avoiding and solving common forest rights conflicts, refining the policies of the collective forest rights reform and the state-owned forest farm reform in the collective forest region and increasing farmers' enthusiasm about investing in forests.

全球森林资源面临日益加剧的竞争导致了世界范围内大量共有林权冲突的涌现，中国为应对森林资源日益加剧的竞争局面实施了一系列的制度安排，但仍未能避免大量共有林权冲突的发生。基于此，本研究将利用已搜集的大样本数据准确研判我国共有林权冲突发生和治理情况；运用交易费用理论、产权公共域理论等从产权的界定和实施层面揭示共有林权冲突的形成机理；构建影响农户主动参与共有林权冲突的计量模型并进行实证；从行动者导向视角对共有林权冲突发展“动态性”过程进行考量；运用扎根理论分析方法对成功和失败的治理案例进行研究，提炼出成功化解共有林权冲突的实现机制和未能成功化解的缺失机制；最后在总结国内、借鉴国外共有林权冲突治理经验的基础上构建符合我国国情的共有林权治理机制。本研究将有利于有效防范和治理共有林权冲突，形成集体林权制度改革和集体林区国有林场改革的制度供给，提高农户和社会资本林业产权安全感知和经营投资林业的积极性。

中国2003年以来实施的新一轮集体林权制度改革，是在过去数次改革的基础上进行放权和分权，改革的实施在取得巨大成就的同时，也使得过去被忽视、隐藏或遗忘的历史遗留问题显现出来，且新一轮集体林权制度改革开展的时期又恰逢林木、林地价值上升和林木采伐的高峰，进一步激发了利益相关方对林权的诉求，大量的林权冲突开始显现。本研究聚焦共有林权冲突，试图揭示共有林权冲突的形成机理，构建共有林权冲突的治理机制，从而形成完善集体林权制度改革和推进集体林区国有林场改革的制度供给，为我国森林治理和乡村治理提供政策建议。围绕该目标，本研究运用县级和农户层面数据对我国共有林权冲突的发生情况进行量化分析；运用产权公共域理论从产权的界定和实施层面揭示我国集体林区共有林权冲突的形成机理；构建了影响农户参与共有林权冲突的计量模型并进行实证；从行动者导向视角对共有林权冲突发展过程的“动态性”和行动者的“异质性”进行考量，透过多案例分析揭示卷入共有林权冲突中的行动者在冲突的不同发展阶段，如何在宏观政策结构的约束下发挥自身的能动性从而推动冲突朝向自身有利方向发展；最后在借鉴国内外治理共有林权冲突的成功经验、模式基础上，构建了共有林权冲突的治理机制。本研究的重要发现包括：共有林权冲突的发生具有普遍性，且近4成共有林权冲突得不到有效调处；产权强度是影响农户林权冲突卷入的关键因素；中国2003年以来新一轮林改的本质特征是形式化而非再分配；共有林权治理存在“搁置化”现象，强制性制度变迁引起的制度法定生效与实践认知不一致是“搁置化”形成的重要原因；共有林权冲突治理遵循“差序治理”的逻辑；政策性金融扶持、政策“组合拳”运用和多元化选择是森林生态保护政策中多元利益主体从冲突走向合作的有效路径；共有林权冲突的治理需要建立多元化解机制和多部门协调机制，并强化政府在共有林权冲突化解中的作用。