农业景观异质性对非农生物多样性和生态系统服务的影响研究

As the ballooning global population puts ever greater pressure on food production, humanity is facing the grave challenge of trying to balance mounting demands on land for agricultural production, non-agricultural biodiversity, and ecosystem services. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as a whole are one of China's bread baskets. The long-term health of this region's agricultural ecosystems is therefore of major concern to policy makers. Building on researches carried out in two previous NSFC studies (granted in 2006 and 2010, respectively), this project continues to explore agricultural landscapes of this vital region by integrating field data from permanent sampling plots with laboratory analyses. Via observation of the methods and intensity of agricultural practices, as well as diversity and distributional characteristics of local habitat factors and key non-agricultural organisms (incl. non-agricultural plants, soil-surface arthropods, insect pollinators, earthworms, and so on), we intend to reveal the functional properties and mutual dependencies of the non-agricultural organisms, and discern the mechanisms through which agricultural landscape heterogeneity affects the biological diversity and ecosystem services of non-agricultural organisms living in various environmental conditions and agricultural intensity levels. Armed with such knowledge, we will then propose landscape construction pathways appropriate to specific agricultural practices, as well as non-agricultural organism groups and their corresponding ecosystem services. These proposals may, on a regional scale, prove to be of great theoretical and practical significance for sustaining and improving agricultural production, non-agricultural biodiversity, and ecosystem services.

在全球人口激增、粮食需求日益增加的背景下，如何权衡农业用地和生态用地、粮食生产和非农生物多样性与生态系统服务已成为人类面临的严峻挑战。黄河中下游地区是我国最重要的粮食主产区和核心区之一。本项目仍以该地区的农业景观为研究对象，以2006年和2010年两项国家自然科学基金的研究工作为基础，借助野外典型地段样带定点观测和室内实验分析相结合的方法，通过对农业生产实践的方式与强度、局地生境因子和主要非农生物类群（包括非农植物、地表节肢动物、飞行传粉昆虫和蚯蚓等）多样性及其分布特征的观测，揭示主要非农生物的功能属性及彼此之间的依存关系，把握农业景观异质性对不同环境梯度、不同农用地集约化程度下主要非农生物多样性及其生态系统服务的影响机制，针对不同耕作方式、主要非农生物类群及其生态系统服务提出相应的景观建设途径，对区域尺度上农业生产和非农生物多样性与生态系统服务的维持和提高具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。

黄河中下游地区耕作历史悠久，人类活动对该地区景观的结构和功能的影响深刻，威胁着区域内的生物多样性与生态系统服务的发挥。如何在该地区既能确保粮食生产和供应，又能保护生物多样性和生态系统服务的发挥是该地区农业可持续发展的基础。项目开展了如下工作：农业景观异质性及空间动态、非农生物类群对景观异质性的多尺度响应、功能多样性和生态系统服务研究、基于生态系统持续性的农业景观格局的探索。..近20年来，巩义市耕地、园地、水域、建设用地分布趋向集中，林地、草地、交通用地分布趋向均衡，景观异质性分析的合适尺度为1000m。封丘县景观异质性分析的合适尺度为2500m，整体景观聚集度在升高，斑块形状趋于规整。..研究区的非农生境中，次生灌丛生境中植物物种丰富度和多样性最高，物种以菊科和禾本科植物为主。传粉昆虫优势类群为双翅目、膜翅目和鞘翅目物种。丘陵和山地区为传粉昆虫的主要蜜源地。地表节肢动物优势类群为膜翅目、鞘翅目和蜘蛛目，树篱和林地生境的地表节肢动物多样性指示类群是膜翅目，农田生境是鞘翅目，沟渠生境是蜘蛛目。..表征生境特征的群落高度和盖度指标能更好的预测物种多样性特征。景观异质性对植物物种多样性的影响主要体现在样方尺度上（α样方），而β多样性和γ多样性与之的关系不密切，拆分后物种丰富度更有效。动物群落中，景观异质性与鞘翅目丰富度和多度相关性最强，鞘翅目的多度在组成异质性和构型异质性均较高的区域较大，且构型异质性对鞘翅目多度的影响显著。..景观异质性通过影响生物多样性进而影响生态系统服务。通过调整和设置非农景观要素的不同类型及比例、合理改造其结构与空间配置，可以更好地实现农业景观的可持续健康发展。