基于激光测高和高分立体测绘卫星的大范围建（构）筑物灾害损失精细化评估方法研究

An accurate assessment of building damage is critical in response to earthquake disasters. With the rapid development of high-resolution satellite, it has become an international research focus and front to detect and assess the building damage based on high-resolution remote sensing. The application of laser altimetry and high resolution stereo-mapping satellite to building damage assessment has practical significance. This program aimed at the problem of three-dimensional precise assessment for building damage without ground control points in large region, this project focuses on building damage assessment using laser altimetry as a generalized elevation control point combined with high resolution stereo mapping satellite images, and studies the combined geo-positioning model of laser altimetry and high resolution stereo mapping satellite based on the restriction condition with the characteristics of terrain and building edges, to improve geo-positioning accuracy of high resolution stereo mapping satellite images in disaster area; it develops three dimensional change detection method for pre- and post-disaster changes suitable for similar transformation of non-steel body in large area; from a geometric point of view, a three-dimensional precise assessment method of building damage is established, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of disaster assessment.; and the research and development of building damage assessment prototype system will help promote the implementation of building damage assessment demonstration in such earthquake areas as Wenchuan earthquake, Lushan earthquake and Haiti earthquake, and provide technical support for the application of high resolution stereo mapping satellite in the field of disaster assessment such as Gaofen-7 satellite our country is about to launch.

准确的建（构）筑灾害评估对应急救援至关重要，基于高分遥感的建（构）筑物灾害损失评估已经成为国际研究热点和前沿，激光测高与高分立体测绘卫星应用于灾害评估具有重要现实意义。针对大范围灾区建（构）筑物灾害损失三维精细化评估难题，以激光测高作为广义高程控制点与高分立体测绘卫星遥感影像进行建筑物灾害损失评估为研究主线，研究以地形特征和建（构）筑形态特征为约束的激光测高与高分立体测绘卫星联合定位模型，提高其高程定位精度；发展适合大范围灾区非钢体相似变换的灾前、灾后的三维变化检测方法；从几何的角度建立大范围建（构）筑物整体/局部倒塌、倾斜、断裂等建（构）筑物灾害三维精细化评估方法，提高灾害评估的精度和效率；研发建（构）筑物灾害评估原型系统，实现汶川地震、芦山地震、海地地震等震区建（构）筑物损失评估实证，为我国即发射的高分七号卫星等高分立体测绘卫星在灾害评估领域的应用提供技术支撑。

地震这一自然灾害对人类的生命有着严重的威胁，利用高分立体测绘卫星进行灾后评估有利于灾后搜救、重建等工作的展开。本项目针对大范围灾区高分辨率遥感建（构）筑物高程定位精度问题，研究大范围灾区同/异轨激光测高与高分立体测绘卫星遥感联合定位方法，突破同/异轨激光测高卫星数据的配准方法，同/异轨激光测高卫星数据和高分立体测绘卫星遥感联合定位的模型，实现高分立体测绘卫星高程定位精度的提升；并以此为基础，研究大范围灾区建（构）筑物三维变化检测方法，大范围灾区建（构）筑物灾害损失三维精细化评估模型，开展了墨西哥等灾区的建筑物受损评估的应用实践；最终，将上述研究集成至大范围灾区建（构）筑物灾害损失评估原型系统。本项目为将来的灾害评估工作的应用提供了理论依据和原型系统支持。