轻质、抗疲劳纳米结构单元组装弹性体的构筑和应用研究

Three-dimensional (3D) structure materials with low density and fatigue-resistance exhibit unique structural stability and mechanical performance, and its design and fabrication are challenging but very attractive. In this project, major efforts will focus on the preparation of nano-building blocks, the design and optimizing of microstructural units and large-scale assembly method. With these synergistic efforts, a series of high-performance elastic materials will be obtained via the hierarchical assembly of nanosized building blocks, which possess enhanced performances including light-weight, fatigue-resistance and high elastic deformation. Based on the research background and achievements of our team, a series of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nano-building blocks with unique structures, such as core-shell structure nanowires, hollow nanotubes, helical nanowires, curling nanosheets, and sandwiched nanosheets, etc, will be designed and synthesized in a large scale. To meet the requirements from special aerospace applications including pressure sensor and mechanical buffer, we will optimize a variety of microstructural units, and develop new approaches including ice-templating, 3D framework-induced assembly and 3D printing to fabricate elastic nano-assemblies. We will focus on the relationship between nano-/microscale information including building blocks and microstructures and macroscale performances including the density, elasticity and structural stability of these obtained assemblies, leading to several rules to guide the further work on the design and fabrication of lightweight and fatigue-resistant elastic assemblies constructed by nanosized building blocks. Furthermore, relying on the fine control of components and structures of nanosized units and nano/micro-structures of assemblies, this project aims to develop the irreplaceable role of these lightweight and fatigue-resistant elastic macro-assemblies in the special aerospace fields, solve the key application problems of the traditional materials and satisfy the urgent requirements on the high-tech aerospace materials through exploring their reliability and service capability as the high-performance pressure sensors or mechanical buffers.

本项目拟以新型轻质、抗疲劳纳米结构单元组装弹性体材料的设计与制备为导向，通过纳米结构单元的宏量制备、微观结构的设计与优化以及宏观组装方法的协同运用，实现具有超轻、抗疲劳、高弹性形变等性能的纳米结构单元组装弹性体的构筑。围绕构筑面向航空航天力学传感和机械缓冲领域应用的超轻弹性体材料的目标，合理设计并宏量制备几种独特结构一维或二维纳米结构单元，探索高性能组装弹性结构材料的规模化组装技术，重点研究结构单元、微观结构对组装体密度、弹性性能及结构稳定性的影响，建立基于结构单元、微观结构、性能指标为一体的系统理论体系；同时积极探索所构建轻质弹性体材料在航空航天领域应用的可靠性和服役性。本项目借助纳米结构单元组分和结构以及组装体微/纳尺度结构可调控的独特优势，期望解决传统材料在相关领域的关键技术难题，充分发挥组装弹性体在航空航天领域应用中的不可替代性，满足该领域对高技术材料的迫切需求。

轻质超弹材料在航空航天力学传感、缓冲减震、保温隔热领域具有重要应用。本项目按研究计划实施，以高性能轻质弹性结构材料的设计与制备为导向，以宏观弹性结构和弹性力学理论为指导，围绕一维纳米结构单元的精准合成、弹性体的结构设计与组装、性能调控与应用开展了深入研究，取得一系列创新性研究成果。精准可控合成了多种特殊结构一维纳米结构单元，揭示了纳米线原位界面组装动力学机制和有序组装提升性能的普遍规律；提出了取向组装与程序化聚合相结合的方法，实现了极端环境适应、耐压缩抗疲劳弹性导体材料的普适合成；发展了纳米线模板法仿生构筑轻质超弹碳管/碳纳米纤维气凝胶；建立了纳米复合交联聚合法，制备了多种自修复超拉伸弹性复合材料；发展了气溶胶辅助生物合成方法，普适规模化制备了细菌纤维素基纳米复合功能材料块材，实现了一系列轻质、超强韧生物质仿生结构材料的规模化制备，在轻量化抗冲击防护和缓冲材料、空间材料、精密仪器结构件等领域具有广阔的应用前景。.已在国际重要期刊Chem. Rev. (1篇)、Nat. Nanotechnol. (1篇)、Nat. Synth. (1篇)、Sci. Adv. (4篇)、Nat. Commun. (10篇)、Acc. Chem. Res. (2篇)、J. Am. Chem. Soc. (5篇)、Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (6篇)、Adv. Mater. (19篇)、Natl. Sci. Rev. (7篇)等上发表标注项目号论文119篇，其中影响因子＞10的102篇。编著《低维纳米材料制备方法学》。授权发明专利48项。学术会议邀请报告59次。项目完成单位共同在Nat. Synth.、Nat. Commun.、Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.、Adv. Mater.等期刊发表论文15篇，共同荣获2020年安徽省自然科学一等奖。部分成果荣获2022年教育部自然科学一等奖。.项目负责人当选中国科学院院士，荣获第二届全国创新争先奖章、中国科学院杰出科技成就奖、安徽省重大科技成就奖，连续入选全球高被引用科学家。人才培养成果显著，1人入选国家基金委杰青，2人入选国家基金委优青，1人入选教育部青年长江，1人入选中组部青年千人，2人入选国家海外高层次人才青年项目，1人获得香港求是基金会青年科学家奖。项目期间培养博士生26人、硕士生14人、博士后13人。