湿地常态化生态补水方案优化设计与生态补偿机制研究——以向海湿地为例

In order to establish the long-term wetland's water replenishment mechanism, there are two crucial issues to be resolved: one is the optimal design of the ecological water replenishment project based on water utilization balance, and the other is the establishment of the ecological compensation mechanism based on benefit balance. Taking Xianghai Wetland as the research area, this subject conducts a research on the ecological water requirement process, ecological water demand threshold and the launch condition for the normalized ecological water replenishment to establish the wetland's ecological water replenishment reaction mechanism; studies on the monthly replenishing water allocation model of wetland and the decision making system of wetland ecological water replenishing program, optimizes the design of the ecological water replenishing program of Xianghai Wetland, and achieves the water resources optimal allocation of Taoerhe river basin; through the field research and agricultural products marketing research on the level of grain productive forces and the irrigation water effeciency in the productive areas such as Xinganmeng irrigated area and Taoerhe irrigated area, builds the ecological compensation standard model for Xianghai Wetland water replenishment; researches on the scope of influence and profit and loss relevance of the ecological water replenishing water program of Xianghai Wetland, ascertains the compensation subject, object, standard, way，pattern and the share distribution of compensation limit among multiple subjects and objects of the ecologcial compensation of Xianghai Wetland water replenshment, and constructs the ecological compensation mechanism of wetland water replenishment. The research results will provide scientific support for the water replenishment of Xianghai Wetland and provide research foundation and reference experience for the establishment of the long-term water replenishing mechanism of other wetlands in China simultaneously.

建立湿地"常态化"生态补水的长效机制须解决两个关键问题：（1）基于用水关系平衡的湿地"常态化"生态补水方案优化设计；（2）基于利益关系平衡的生态补偿机制构建。本课题以向海湿地为研究区，研究向海湿地生态需水过程、生态需水量阈值及湿地"常态化"生态补水的"启动条件"，建立湿地补水的反应机制；研究湿地逐月补水水量分配模型、湿地"常态化"生态补水方案决策系统，优化设计向海湿地生态补水方案，实现洮儿河流域水资源优化配置；通过对兴安盟灌区和洮儿河灌区等农产区粮食生产力水平和灌溉用水效率等野外研究和农产品市场调查，建立向海湿地补水生态补偿标准模型；研究向海湿地生态补水方案的影响范围、损益关系，确定向海湿地补水生态补偿的补偿主体和对象、补偿标准、补偿方式模式及多个主客间补偿额度的分担分配，构建湿地补水生态补偿机制。研究成果为向海湿地补水提供科技支撑，为我国其它湿地长效补水机制的建立提供研究基础。

水资源短缺是湿地干枯的最重要的原因，解决湿地用水问题已经迫在眉睫。建立湿地长效的补水机制，实现湿地生态补水常态化，以更好的保护日益减少的湿地资源。本课题以向海湿地为研究区，研究向海湿地生态需水过程、生态需水量阈值及湿地“常态化”生态补水的"启动条件"，建立湿地补水的反应机制；研究湿地逐月补水水量分配模型、湿地“常态化”生态补水方案决策系统，优化设计向海湿地生态补水方案，实现洮儿河流域水资源优化配置；通过对兴安盟灌区和洮儿河灌区等农产区粮食生产力水平和灌溉用水效率等野外研究和农产品市场调查，建立向海湿地补水生态补偿标准模型；研究向海湿地生态补水方案的影响范围、损益关系，确定向海湿地补水生态补偿的补偿主体和对象、补偿标准、补偿方式模式及多个主客间补偿额度的分担分配，构建湿地补水生态补偿机制。研究成果为向海湿地补水提供科技支撑，为我国其它湿地长效补水机制的建立提供研究基础。75%降水率年份，洮儿河灌区转移用水供给向海湿地，导致灌区管理局和灌区农民共损失5641万元，其中，灌区管理局损失289万元，灌区农民损失5352万元。应急补水情景下，洮儿河灌区转移用水供给向海湿地，导致灌区管理局和灌区农民共损失2599万元，其中，灌区管理局损失148万元，灌区农民损失2451万元。应完善向海湿地补水的生态补偿实施机制、湿地补水生态补偿的管理与协调机制、向海湿地补水生态补偿资金运作机制以及向海湿地补水生态补偿制度保障机制。本课题得出的湿地“常态化”生态补水“启动条件”的指标与标准、补水方案优化模型与方法、湿地生态补水生态补偿框架体系及湿地生态补水生态补偿标准模型及分担分配模型等成果为实现湿地生态补水的常态化及建立湿地长效补水机制提供理论基础和科技支撑。