基于仰韶遗址古耕层土壤特征的原始农耕文化研究

To further study the characteristics of dry farming ancient agriculture in North China. This project selects the ancient arable layer of Yangshao Cultural Site as the research object, from the perspective of micro-identification and macro-recovery, exploring the content and scale of ancient human cultivation. Microscopic identification is mainly based on soil micromorphology, analyzing of coarse and fine grain, observing soil formations and biological remains, statistical analysis of aggregate size and microstructure characteristics, combining with analysis of calcium carbonate, total phosphorus, nitrogen, pollen and phytolith, scanning electron microscope, to explore ancient tillage methods, the degree of farmland management and protection and its effect on soil development. Macroscopic recovery mainly uses a three-dimensional laser scanner to scan the stratum profile within the ancient arable layer. At the same time, the depth and thickness data of different stratum in the profile are collected by using an earth drilling system according to the grid method. Based on scanning and collecting data, A three-dimensional model of ancient tillage layer is established, which is endowed with attributes of microcosmic soil and framing culture. Thus, a true three-dimensional model can be constructed. Based on the soil characteristics and the three-dimensional model, the tillage pattern and the cultivated area are obtained respectively, the amount of farming tasks are deduced. By analyzing the archaeological data and the investigation of residential relics, the population of the site is deduced. Thus, the agricultural labor force needed for the site is calculated. This study not only realizes the quantitative record and display of soil, space and cultural characteristics of the ancient arable layer, but also promotes the systematic arrangement and research of primitive farming culture in North China.

为进一步研究北方旱耕古农业特点，本项目选择仰韶文化遗址古耕层为研究对象，从微观鉴别和宏观复原两个角度，探究古人类耕作内容以及生产规模。微观鉴别以土壤微形态方法为主，分析粗粒质和细粒质，观察土壤形成物和生物遗迹，统计分析团聚体粒径和微结构特征，结合碳酸钙、全磷和全氮、孢粉和植硅体、扫描电镜分析，探究古耕作方式和农田管护程度。宏观复原利用三维激光扫描仪对古耕层所在地层剖面进行外部扫描，同时依据网格法利用土钻对剖面内部不同地层的深度和厚度数据进行采集，基于扫描和采集数据，建立古耕层三维模型，并赋予土壤微观和农耕文化属性，从而完成真三维模型构建。基于土壤特征得出的耕作方式和三维模型中计算的耕作面积，获知耕作任务量，通过对考古资料的分析和居住遗迹的考察，获知人口状况，从而探究所需农业劳动力。该研究不仅实现了古耕层土壤、空间、文化特征的定量化记录和展现，还将促进北方原始农耕文化的系统整理和研究。

仰韶文化时期气候环境与古人类活动是如何变化？尽管大部分变化遗存从宏观视野中消失，但却保存在土壤微形态中。故本文采用土壤微形态方法，对仰韶村遗址一处含有文化层区域进行多点采样，通过比较古土壤、文化层和表土层土壤微形态特点差异，研究了气候变化及古人类活动对土壤微形态的影响，为探究仰韶文化时期的古人类活动遗迹和古农业发展状况提供依据。结果显示：（1）古土壤层中具有明确边界的铁质垒结形成物，粗粒质多分解细小颗粒，呈现堆积状，细粒质多为微晶b-垒结，细粒质与粗粒质相对分布主要呈现包膜状和桥接状，孔隙壁附着锰质胶膜。（2）文化层中粗粒质多分解细小颗粒，呈现堆积状，细粒质呈现出多种b-垒结，细粒质与粗粒质空间关系也呈现多样化。孔隙壁附着腐殖质，孔道内填充炭屑。（3）表土层中土壤形成物主要为继承性钙质形成物和钙质新生体，还可识别淀积黏粒体，土壤垒结回归单一，孔隙呈现出堆集性不规则非稳定态。研究结论：（1）古土壤层主要受暖湿气候影响，脱硅富铁铝化作用明显，次生矿物以赤铁矿为主。古人类开始居住活动，促进了土壤发育，淀积黏化作用明显，黏粒胶膜发育充分。（2）文化层主要受到古人类活动影响，古人类活动强度增强，土壤形成物和垒结多样化，可以清晰辨别出排泄形成物、用火痕迹、流水痕迹、培土活动。土壤微结构出现海绵状，表明耕作熟化程度较高且土壤肥力达到一定水平。（3）表土层主要受干冷气候影响，次生矿物以碳酸盐为主。古人类活动强度减弱，土壤发育减缓，大型粗骨颗粒散乱分布在土壤基质中，碳酸盐与黏粒胶膜混合。